[2026年更新]Virginia-Real-Estate-Salespersonまとめセット試験ガイド練習からあなたのVirginia-Real-Estate-Salesperson試験を合格させます！
準備Virginia-Real-Estate-Salesperson試験2026年最新のReal Estate Licensing Certification無制限125問題
質問 # 11
The VRLTA applies to:
- A. anyone who owns a commercial property
- B. anyone who owns more than five rental properties
- C. anyone who owns one property
- D. anyone who owns more than two rental properties
正解：D
解説：
The Virginia Residential Landlord and Tenant Act (VRLTA) applies to:
All landlords who own more than two rental units or more than 10% interest in more than two rental units.
Landlords with two or fewer units may be exempt unless they choose to opt in.
This ensures tenant protections apply broadly, while small-scale landlords with only one or two rentals may be treated differently.
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Virginia Code § 55.1-1201 (Application of VRLTA)
Virginia Real Estate Principles - Landlord-tenant law section
A490-02REGS.pdf - VRLTA curriculum
質問 # 12
Which of these is an example of a deed restriction?
- A. The city denies Darren a permit to open a pawn shop in a residential area.
- B. A restriction in one subdivision development specifies that no boats or recreational vehicles may be kept on the street, driveway, or lot.
- C. Donald is required by the municipal government to have a certain number of bathrooms in his business.
- D. Demi is required to file an environmental impact statement with the city before building a new subdivision.
正解：B
解説：
Deed restrictions (also called restrictive covenants) are private restrictions placed in deeds or subdivision rules by developers or homeowners associations.
They control how property can be used (e.g., no RVs, no fences over certain height).
Other options:
(A) City denying permit = zoning regulation (public restriction).
(C) Environmental impact statement = government regulation, not a deed restriction.
(D) Bathroom requirement = building code, not private restriction.
Reference:
Virginia Real Estate Principles & Practices - Land Use Controls (public vs private) Code of Virginia Title 55.1, Chapter 19 (Restrictive Covenants)
質問 # 13
In Virginia, how many years do records need to be kept for?
- A. one year
- B. three years
- C. two years
- D. five years
正解：B
解説：
Virginia requires brokers and firms to retain all financial, transactional, and escrow records for three years.
This includes contracts, disclosures, closing statements, and escrow records.
The three-year period usually begins from the date of closing or termination of the transaction.
Reference:
Virginia Code §54.1-2108 (Broker records retention requirements)
質問 # 14
You're doing a CMA, and your three adjusted comps come in at $345,600, $352,800, and $359,900. What is a reasonable range to suggest for a listing price?
- A. $360.000-$375,000
- B. $330.000-$345,000
- C. $345.000-$360.000
- D. $300,000-$330,000
正解：C
解説：
質問 # 15
Which of these ownership concepts gives each co-owner the right to possession of the whole property?
- A. unity of time
- B. sole proprietorship
- C. undivided interest
- D. equitable interest
正解：C
解説：
In co-ownership, the principle of undivided interest means each co-owner has:
The right to possess and use the entire property, not just a physical portion.
Equal rights of possession regardless of ownership percentage.
Other options:
Sole proprietorship (A): Single owner, not co-ownership.
Unity of time (C): A required element of joint tenancy but not the concept granting rights to the whole property.
Equitable interest (D): Refers to the rights of a buyer under contract before receiving legal title.
Thus, the correct answer is undivided interest.
Reference:
Virginia Real Estate Principles & Practices (Ownership Section)
Code of Virginia §55.1 (Property & Conveyances)
質問 # 16
John is a landlord. He has an applicant for an apartment who uses a cane. John tells her that she should go to the complex across the street, as they have more first-floor units available, and he doesn't want her to have to climb the stairs in his building. She thanks him for the tip. Evaluate.
- A. John steered the applicant, but it was okay since she expressed appreciation.
- B. John steered the applicant, which was a risky move, but it paid off this time.
- C. John steered the applicant, which is never okay, even if she expressed appreciation.
- D. John did nothing wrong. He simply evaluated the applicant and tried to do what was best for her.
正解：C
解説：
Steering is the illegal practice of guiding prospective tenants or buyers to (or away from) certain properties based on protected characteristics (disability, race, religion, etc.).
John assumed the applicant's disability limited her housing choices and discouraged her from renting his unit.
Even if his intention was good and the applicant appreciated it, this constitutes disability discrimination under the Fair Housing Act.
Other options suggesting it was "okay" are incorrect because discrimination does not depend on intent or on whether the applicant objected.
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Federal Fair Housing Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 3601-3619
Virginia Fair Housing Law, Code of Virginia Title 36, Ch. 5.1
A490-02REGS.pdf - Fair housing compliance
質問 # 17
A building has an NOI of $130,000 and is being valued with a cap rate of 4%. Using the income approach, what is the value of the building?
- A. $4,130,000
- B. $1,300.000
- C. $3.250,000
- D. $2.450,000
正解：C
解説：
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Appraisal section in Virginia Principles & Practices
USPAP income capitalization approach standards
A490-02REGS.pdf - Real Estate Math & Valuation curriculum
質問 # 18
What was the outcome of Plessy v. Ferguson?
- A. The Supreme Court decided that "separate but equal" separation of the races was legal as long as Black and white facilities were equal.
- B. The Supreme Court decided that racially based zoning was illegal.
- C. The Supreme Court decided that the enforcement of racially based restrictive covenants was illegal.
- D. The Supreme Court decided that racial segregation of children in public schools was illegal.
正解：A
解説：
In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law mandating racial segregation in railway cars.
The Court ruled that racial segregation was constitutional under the "separate but equal" doctrine.
This legalized segregation in public facilities for decades until overturned by Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
Other options:
(B) Refers to Brown v. Board of Education (1954).
(C) Refers to Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) (restrictive covenants).
(D) Refers to Buchanan v. Warley (1917) (racial zoning).
Reference (Virginia Real Estate & Civil Rights Law):
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896)
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)
Virginia Fair Housing Law history and case law integration
質問 # 19
A licensee could be found liable for all of the following EXCEPT:
- A. failure to disclose a latent defect that the licensee should have reasonably known
- B. failure to disclose a known latent defect to the buyer
- C. failure to disclose an unknown latent defect in an inaccessible location
- D. attempting to conceal a known latent defect
正解：C
解説：
A latent defect is a hidden defect not readily discoverable by ordinary inspection. Under Virginia law, licensees are responsible for:
Disclosing known latent defects (B, C).
Not concealing or misrepresenting property conditions.
Exercising reasonable care, meaning they may also be liable for defects they should have reasonably known (A).
However, a licensee cannot be held liable for failing to disclose a defect that is:
Unknown to them, and
In an inaccessible location (e.g., behind walls, underground).
Thus, the correct exception is (D).
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Code of Virginia § 55.1-703 (Property condition disclosures)
Virginia Real Estate Board Regulations 18 VAC 135-20-300 (Standards of Conduct) A490-02REGS.pdf - Disclosure requirements
質問 # 20
Clarence owns three rental homes he doesn't have time to oversee himself. He decides to hire George to take care of his rental units in the hopes of maximizing the return on his investment. What role is George filling?
- A. sponsoring broker
- B. broker's agent
- C. appraisal manager
- D. property manager
正解：D
解説：
A property manager is hired by an owner to manage rental property, maintain operations, and maximize return on investment.
Other options:
(A) Sponsoring broker - oversees real estate salespersons, not rentals.
(B) Appraisal manager - not a real estate role.
(C) Broker's agent - represents broker in brokerage activities, not property management.
Reference:
Code of Virginia §54.1-2100 (definition includes property management as brokerage services) Virginia Real Estate Principles & Practices - Property Management
質問 # 21
Which of the following provides the BEST explanation for why disclosure of material facts is required?
- A. The material a property is made of can influence its value.
- B. If known, they could cause a buyer or seller to take a different course of action.
- C. Not all material facts are readily discernible.
- D. All facts related to a real estate transaction must be disclosed.
正解：B
解説：
Material facts are facts that significantly affect the value, desirability, or decision regarding a property.
Disclosure is required because knowing these facts could lead a buyer or seller to act differently (e.g., not purchase, renegotiate price, or take corrective measures).
Other options:
(A) Construction materials may affect value, but this is not the reason for disclosure laws.
(B) Some facts are not easily seen, but disclosure is broader.
(D) Not all facts, only material ones, must be disclosed.
Reference:
Code of Virginia §54.1-2131 (Duties of licensees: disclosure of material facts) Virginia Real Estate Board Regulations - Standards of Conduct
質問 # 22
Bobby took out a commercial mortgage to pay for his new podcast studio. It is an interest-only loan of $800,000 with an interest rate of 4.5%. How much will Bobby pay in interest over the year?
- A. $3,500
- B. $45,000
- C. $36.000
- D. $10,500
正解：C
解説：
Reference (Virginia Real Estate Finance):
Real Estate Math section in Virginia Pre-License Education requirements (interest-only loan calculations) A490-02REGS.pdf sections on finance and math competency for licensure
質問 # 23
Larry's new tenant, who uses a wheelchair, asks Larry to install grab bars in the bathtub, as well as lowered light switches. The tenant is asking for:
- A. modifications, and Larry can require that the tenant pay for their installation
- B. accommodations, and Larry must pay for them, no matter the expense
- C. bias, and Larry is not obligated to complete the request
- D. injunctions, and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) will cover the cost
正解：A
解説：
Under the Fair Housing Act (FHA), landlords must permit reasonable modifications to rental units to allow persons with disabilities full use and enjoyment of the premises.
Examples: installing grab bars, lowering light switches, widening doorways.
Cost responsibility: The tenant typically pays for these modifications unless the housing is federally funded. The landlord may require the tenant to restore the unit to its original condition at the end of tenancy (reasonable wear and tear excluded).
This differs from reasonable accommodations, which are changes to policies/rules (e.g., allowing a service animal) and must be paid for by the housing provider.
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Federal Fair Housing Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 3601-3619
Virginia Fair Housing Law (Code of Virginia Title 36, Ch. 5.1)
A490-02REGS.pdf - Fair Housing curriculum
質問 # 24
In Virginia, agents practicing no agency (transaction coordinators) are sometimes referred to as:
- A. single agents
- B. appraisers
- C. intermediaries
- D. dual agents
正解：C
解説：
In Virginia, agency law recognizes several forms of representation that real estate licensees may provide. These include standard agency, dual agency, and limited service agency. But Virginia also allows licensees to operate in a capacity where they provide no agency representation to either party.
No Agency (also called "Independent Contractor" or "Facilitator/Transaction Coordinator") When a licensee assists in a real estate transaction without representing either the buyer or the seller, they are said to be practicing "no agency." In this capacity, the licensee does not advocate for either side but may assist with paperwork, communication, and coordination of the transaction.
In Virginia, such licensees are sometimes referred to as intermediaries.
Why not the other options?
Single Agent (A): A single agent represents only one party (buyer or seller) in the transaction with full fiduciary duties. This is the most common agency relationship.
Dual Agent (C): A dual agent represents both buyer and seller in the same transaction with limited duties to each. This is a recognized but restricted practice in Virginia.
Appraiser (D): An appraiser is a licensed professional who provides valuation services and is not acting as an agent or intermediary in the transaction.
Because Mindy's question specifies no agency, the correct Virginia terminology aligns with "intermediary." Reference (without URLs):
Code of Virginia, Title 54.1, Chapter 21 - Real Estate Brokers, Salespersons, and Rental Location Agents (§ 54.1-2130 et seq.) (defining agency and non-agency relationships) Real Estate Board Regulations (18 VAC 135-20-10 Definitions; 18 VAC 135-20-300 Standards of Conduct) Virginia Real Estate Principles & Practices - discussion on transaction coordinators/intermediaries and their duties under no-agency status
質問 # 25
If a partner is only an investor and only has liability up to the amount of their investment, they are considered a:
- A. tenant in partnership
- B. tenant in common
- C. general partner
- D. limited partner
正解：D
解説：
A limited partner contributes capital (investment) but does not participate in day-to-day management.
Their liability is limited to the amount of their investment.
Other options:
(A) Tenant in common - co-ownership, not partnership.
(B) General partner - has unlimited liability and management role.
(C) Tenant in partnership - refers to partnership property rights, not liability protection.
Reference:
Virginia Uniform Partnership Act, Code of Virginia Title 50
Real Estate Principles - Forms of Business Ownership
質問 # 26
A type of (usually commercial) lease in which the tenant pays a base rent amount and a percentage of their business profits to the landlord is a:
- A. ground lease
- B. net lease
- C. percentage lease
- D. gross lease
正解：C
解説：
A percentage lease is most commonly used in commercial real estate, especially retail.
The tenant pays a base rent plus a percentage of their business's gross sales/profits to the landlord.
Example: Shopping mall tenants, restaurants, or department stores.
Other options:
(A) Gross lease = tenant pays fixed rent; landlord pays expenses.
(C) Net lease = tenant pays base rent + some or all operating expenses (taxes, insurance, maintenance).
(D) Ground lease = long-term lease of land (tenant builds on leased land).
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Virginia Real Estate Principles - Types of leases
A490-02REGS.pdf - Leasing curriculum
質問 # 27
Per se violations are:
- A. acts that are in violation of the TCPA
- B. acts that are considered inherently illegal
- C. acts that are in violation of CAN-SPAM
- D. acts that are NOT considered inherentty illegal
正解：B
解説：
In antitrust law, a per se violation is an act that is considered inherently illegal, regardless of intent or outcome.
Examples in real estate:
Price-fixing (brokers agreeing on commission rates).
Market allocation (dividing territories or clients).
Group boycotts (agreeing not to deal with a competitor).
These acts automatically violate the Sherman Antitrust Act without requiring proof of harm.
Other options confuse per se violations with other laws like TCPA (Do Not Call) or CAN-SPAM (email).
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Sherman Antitrust Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1-7
Virginia Real Estate Principles - Antitrust section
A490-02REGS.pdf - Professional conduct and antitrust
質問 # 28
Which of the following can be described as a nonexclusive listing agreement that gives multiple brokers (and owners themselves) the right to sell property, and the individual who is considered to have procured the cause of the sale is the one who will receive the commission?
- A. net listing
- B. exclusive agency agreement
- C. open listing
- D. exclusive right-to-sell agreement
正解：C
解説：
An open listing is a nonexclusive listing agreement where:
Multiple brokers may attempt to sell the property.
The seller retains the right to sell it themselves.
Only the broker (or seller) who is the procuring cause of the sale earns the commission.
Other agreements:
Net listing (A): Broker keeps anything above a set sale price (illegal in many states, including Virginia).
Exclusive right-to-sell (B): Broker gets commission no matter who sells the property.
Exclusive agency (D): Seller can sell without paying commission, but only one broker is engaged.
Reference (Virginia Real Estate):
Code of Virginia § 54.1-2137 (Agency agreements)
A490-02REGS.pdf - Listing agreements curriculum
質問 # 29
Which of these describes a leasehold estate?
- A. Jung owns a building. He lives upstairs and runs the store downstairs.
- B. Janet owns a property she inherited from her father. There's a stipulation on the deed that it is only to be used for a residence. Otherwise, it reverts to him.
- C. Terrence occupies an apartment he doesn't own. He pays his landlord rent every month.
- D. Shannon lives in her uncle's apartment and has the right to occupy it for the remainder of her life. After that, the property reverts back to her uncte.
正解：C
解説：
A leasehold estate grants the tenant the right to occupy/use property for a specified time, while ownership remains with the landlord.
Terrence paying rent for an apartment he does not own is a classic leasehold estate example.
Other options:
(B) Stipulation on deed = fee simple defeasible estate.
(C) Occupancy for life = life estate.
(D) Jung owning and occupying = fee simple ownership.
Reference:
Virginia Real Estate Principles & Practices - Types of Estates
質問 # 30
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