[2024年12月28日] 信頼され続けるCTAL-TTA試験のコツがあるPDF試験材料
2024年最新のCTAL-TTAテスト解説（更新されたのは175問があります)
質問 # 27
The F in the mnemonic FIRST stands for Fast Which option correctly states the meanings of the other four letters (IRST)?
SELECT ONE OPTION
- A. Isolated. Repeatable. Self-Validating, Thorough.
- B. Independent, Reliable, Self-Validating, Timely
- C. independent. Repeatable, Self-Verifying, Thorough.
- D. isolated, Reliable. Self-Verifying, Timely.
正解：D
解説：
The mnemonic FIRST is used to describe qualities of good unit tests in software development. Here, each letter stands for a critical attribute:
* Fast: Tests should be quick to run.
* Isolated: Tests should not depend on each other.
* Reliable: Tests should consistently return the same results.
* Self-Verifying: Tests should fully check their own results.
* Timely: Tests should be written in a timely manner relative to the writing of the tested code. This mnemonic helps ensure that unit tests are effective and contribute positively to the development process
.
質問 # 28
The stakeholders in a new system want its mean time between failure to be three months or longer, with a mean time to repair the system of ten minutes or less when it does fail. When planning and specifying reliability tests to be performed before release, which ONE of the following is a factor that must be considered?
- A. Monitoring reliability in production
- B. Determining the target availability for the system
- C. Configuring a production-like test environment
- D. Defining the replaceability requirements
正解：B
解説：
Analysis:
For a system to meet its reliability requirements, it must maintain a mean time between failure (MTBF) of three months or longer and a mean time to repair (MTTR) of ten minutes or less. When planning and specifying reliability tests, several factors must be considered to ensure these requirements are met.
Key Factor:
B: Determining the target availability for the system:
* Availability is a critical factor that encompasses both the MTBF and MTTR. Availability is calculated based on the uptime and downtime of the system, which directly correlates with MTBF and MTTR.
Determining the target availability helps ensure that the system can meet the required reliability standards by specifying acceptable levels of uptime and downtime.
Explanation of Incorrect Options:
* A. Defining the replaceability requirements:
* Replaceability pertains to the ease with which components can be replaced or updated. While important for maintainability, it is not the primary focus for reliability testing in this context.
* C. Monitoring reliability in production:
* Monitoring in production is important for ongoing reliability assessment but is not a primary consideration when planning and specifying tests before release.
* D. Configuring a production-like test environment:
* This is essential for accurate testing but is a logistical consideration rather than a direct factor in the reliability requirements.
References:
The ISTQB CTAL-TTA syllabus and standard practices in reliability testing emphasize the importance of availability metrics in planning reliability tests.
Sources:
* ISTQB-CTAL-TTA Syllabus
* General knowledge on reliability testing and availability.
質問 # 29
You are responsible for planning the non-functional testing for a new product. You will be responsible for the performance testing and you have determined that you will need a simulator to complete your work, Which of the following are considerations when purchasing a simulator?
1.Path testing of the tool
2.Time to test the tool
3.cost of hmng specialists
4.Susceptibility to the "probe effect"
5.Method and bme to upgrade and retest the tool as the software changes
6.Control flow analysis
- A. 4, 5,6
- B. 1,2, 3, 4, 6
- C. 2, 3, 5
- D. 1,4,6
正解：C
解説：
When purchasing a simulator for performance testing, considerations should include:
* Time to test the tool - How long it will take to validate the simulator itself.
* Cost of hiring specialists - The financial aspect of requiring specialized knowledge to operate or customize the simulator.
* Method and time to upgrade and retest the tool as the software changes - How the simulator can be kept up-to-date with the software it is meant to simulate and the effort involved in retesting it after updates.
These points focus on practical and economic aspects of using a simulator in testing environments.
質問 # 30
The following user story has been developed:
As a customer of Alpha Airways who has booked a flight
I want to access the flight reservation
So that I can update the booking details
Which BDD scenario written in Gherkin format correctly applies to this user story?
- A. Given that a customer has booked a flight with Alpha Airways
When that customer enters the correct surname and flight number for this reservation Then the booking details for that flight are displayed ELSE an appropriate error message is presented D Given that a customer has booked a flight with Alpha Airways When that customer enters their surname and the flight number OR enters their customer ID and the flight number for this reservation Then they are taken to the booking details for that flight so that they can update the booking details - B. Given that the logged-on user is a customer of Alpha Airways
When that user enters their surname correctly
Then they are able to see all flights currently booked so that they can select which flight they want to update - C. Given that a customer has booked a flight with Alpha Airways
When that customer enters their surname AND enters the flight number for this reservation Then the booking details for that flight are displayed
正解：A
解説：
The BDD scenario written in Gherkin format that correctly applies to the given user story is:
Given that a customer has booked a flight with Alpha Airways When that customer enters the correct surname and flight number for this reservation Then the booking details for that flight are displayed ELSE an appropriate error message is presented This scenario directly aligns with the user story by specifying the necessary conditions and outcomes for accessing and updating flight reservation details, ensuring that the scenario correctly captures the functionality described in the user story .
質問 # 31
What is the earliest stage in the application's SDLC at which performance efficiency testing can be performed?
- A. During unit testing
- B. During system testing
- C. During requirements analysis
- D. During beta testing
正解：C
解説：
The earliest stage in the application's SDLC at which performance efficiency testing can be performed is during requirements analysis. At this stage, performance requirements and goals are established, providing a baseline for what needs to be tested and verified throughout the later stages of development.
質問 # 32
Which of the following test categories would best characterize a test designed to confirm that the data backup tapes stored offsite by a bank can be retrieved and loaded within the business process service level agreement?
- A. Continuity testing
- B. Security testing
- C. Reliability testing
- D. Hazard testing
正解：A
解説：
Testing that focuses on confirming that data backup tapes can be retrieved and loaded within specified service levels is classified as Continuity Testing. This type of testing ensures that business processes can continue after a disruption, such as data loss or system failure.
* Explanation: Continuity testing specifically addresses scenarios where operational capacity must be restored and verified within business continuity planning frameworks, such as disaster recovery processes.
質問 # 33
Considering the following statements:
A) The data used for a test is held external to the automated script
B) The scope of an automated test suite is driven by the range of test data available C) It uses a high-level language to separate the action to be performed on the test data from the test script D) A spreadsheet is used to record the actions to be performed instead of the input data Which of the following options is the correct selection of these statements to describe data-driven and keyword-driven automation?
- A. Data Driven = a; Keyword-driven = d
- B. Data Driven = a; Keyword-driven = c
- C. Data Driven = d; Keyword-driven = d
- D. Data Driven = b; Keyword-driven = c
正解：B
解説：
Analysis:
Understanding the characteristics of data-driven and keyword-driven automation is crucial for identifying the correct statements.
Correct Pairing:
C: Data Driven = a; Keyword-driven = c:
* Data Driven = a: "The data used for a test is held external to the automated script" is a key characteristic of data-driven testing, where test data is stored separately from the test scripts, allowing the same script to run with different data sets.
* Keyword-driven = c: "It uses a high-level language to separate the action to be performed on the test data from the test script" is characteristic of keyword-driven testing, where keywords representing actions are used to describe test steps, separating the business logic from the test scripts.
Explanation of Incorrect Options:
* A. Data Driven = a; Keyword-driven = d: Statement d does not accurately describe keyword-driven testing.
* B. Data Driven = b; Keyword-driven = c: Statement b does not accurately describe data-driven
* testing.
* D. Data Driven = d; Keyword-driven = d: Statement d is not accurate for either data-driven or keyword-driven testing.
References:
The ISTQB CTAL-TTA syllabus and standard practices in test automation clearly differentiate between data-driven and keyword-driven testing methodologies.
Sources:
* ISTQB-CTAL-TTA Syllabus
* General knowledge on test automation methodologies.
質問 # 34
There are multiple activities the Technical Test Analyst performs regarding test automation. Which of the following activities is a typical test automation activity that the Technical Test Analyst will perform?
- A. Train the Test Analyst and Business Analyst to use and supply data for the test scripts.
- B. Execute the test cases and analyze any failures that may occur.
- C. Decide regarding a test automation project based on a business case.
- D. Define the business process keywords and related actions.
正解：B
解説：
A Technical Test Analyst is primarily involved in the technical aspects of test preparation and execution. One of their typical activities includes the execution of test cases, particularly those that are automated, and the subsequent analysis of any test failures to identify defects and issues. This activity is more technical than defining business processes or training other analysts, and while making decisions based on a business case may be part of their role, it is not an activity directly related to test automation.
質問 # 35
Consider the following fault attack:
* Force all possible incoming errors from the software/operating system interfaces to the application.
Which of the following is the kind of failure you are looking for when using this attack?
- A. Application crashes due to a lack of portability.
- B. Application miscalculates total monthly balance due on credit cards.
- C. Application crashes when the network is unavailable.
- D. Application crashes when unsupported characters are pasted into an input field.
正解：D
解説：
The fault attack described involves forcing all possible incoming errors from software/operating system interfaces. The type of failure being sought is one where the application does not handle erroneous or unexpected input correctly, which can lead to crashes or other unintended behavior. Thus, an application crash when unsupported characters are pasted into an input field is a typical failure that this kind of fault attack would aim to uncover.
質問 # 36
A major Caribbean bank typically develops their own banking software using an Agile methodology.
However, for some specific components COTS software is acquired and used. The bank does not want to create a dependency on any external COTS supplier.
As part of the test approach, portability testing will be performed. Which portability sub-characteristic is especially relevant for the Caribbean bank?
- A. Adaptability
- B. Replaceability
- C. Co-existence
- D. In stall ability
正解：B
解説：
Portability testing is concerned with how well software can be transferred from one environment to another. In the context of a bank using COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf) software, the sub-characteristic of replaceability becomes particularly relevant. This is because the bank does not want to create a dependency on any external COTS supplier, meaning it should be able to replace the software with another product without significant effort or operational disruption. Replaceability ensures that if needed, the bank can switch to different software, thereby mitigating the risk of supplier dependency.
質問 # 37
When conducting a data flow analysis of following section of pseudo code:
Declare Function_Biggest integer (inputl integer. Input2 Integer) }
Declare output Integer
Set output = inputl
If input2 > output then
Set output = input2
Endif
Return output
}
Which of the variables utilized above has a potential anomalie?
- A. Function_Biggest
- B. None of the variables
- C. Inputl and input2
- D. output
正解：D
解説：
In the data flow analysis of the pseudocode, the variable output presents a potential anomaly. Initially, output is set to input1, but it may be overwritten if input2 is greater. The anomaly, specifically a 'definition-use' (du-path) issue, arises because there might be scenarios where output does not adequately reflect changes depending on the dynamic data flow influenced by the conditional. Proper testing and validation of such conditional structures are crucial to ensure that output consistently represents the largest of the two inputs as intended.
質問 # 38
Consider the pseudo code for the Price program:
Which of the following statements about the Price program describes a control flow anomaly to be found in the program?
- A. The Price program contains data flow defects.
- B. The Price program contains unreachable code.
- C. The Price program contains an infinite loop.
- D. The Price program contains no control flow anomalies.
正解：C
解説：
The pseudo code provided for the Price program shows a potential for an infinite loop due to the way the
'Del_Charge' variable is being manipulated. The loop is set to continue 'WHILE Del_Charge > 0', and within the loop, 'Del_Charge' is initially set to 5 and then potentially decreased by 2 if 'Sale_Value > 60000'.
However, at the end of each loop iteration, 'Del_Charge' is increased by 1. This means that if 'Sale_Value' is not greater than 60000, 'Del_Charge' will not decrease and will instead increment indefinitely, causing an infinite loop. Even if 'Sale_Value' is greater than 60000, the decrement by 2 could be negated by the subsequent increments if the loop runs enough times, potentially leading to an infinite loop situation. There is no guaranteed exit condition once the loop is entered, which is a control flow anomaly.
質問 # 39
You are working on an internet banking project. Your company is offering this product to the financial market.
For each new customer, some customization will typically be needed. To make the product successful there is a strong focus during development on a reliable and maintainable architecture. To support architectural reviews, a checklist will be developed. Within the checklist specific sections will be attributed to reliability and maintainability.
Which question from the list below should you include in the maintainability section of the architectural review checklist?
- A. Does the password protection of the system adhere to the latest regulations?
- B. Does the system have user-friendly error messages?
- C. Will the system use n-version programming for critical components?
- D. Will the user interface be implemented independently from the other software modules?
正解：D
解説：
In the context of an internet banking project where reliability and maintainability are emphasized, a key factor for maintainability is the modularity of the system. Implementing the user interface independently from other software modules (answer B) can significantly enhance maintainability. This is because it allows changes to be made to the user interface without impacting the underlying business logic or data access layers, making the system more adaptable to change. This kind of separation of concerns is a recognized best practice in software design for maintainability. The other options (A, C, and D) relate more to reliability and security aspects than to maintainability.
質問 # 40
Consider the pseudo code provided below regarding a customer request for cash withdrawal from an ATM.
If the customer has sufficient funds in their account
OR the customer has the credit granted
THEN the ATM machine pays out the requested amount to the customer
Which of the following test cases would be the result of applying multiple condition testing, but would NOT be the result of applying modified condition/decision testing?
- A. TC 1: Customer has sufficient funds. Credit has not been granted.
- B. TC 2: Customer does not have sufficient funds. Credit has been granted.
- C. TC 4: Customer has sufficient funds. Credit has been granted.
- D. TC 3: Customer does not have sufficient funds. Credit has not been granted.
正解：D
解説：
Multiple condition testing requires each possible combination of conditions to be tested, whereas modified condition/decision testing (MC/DC) requires each condition to be shown to independently affect the outcome.
In the case of the ATM withdrawal, TC 3 (Customer does not have sufficient funds and credit has not been granted) would not result in the machine paying out, which is a result of applying multiple condition testing.
However, for MC/DC, this test case would not be included because it doesn't provide an independent assessment of either condition's effect on the decision since both conditions are negative and the outcome is as expected (no payout).
質問 # 41
Which of the following is a valid reason for including performance testing in a test approach?
- A. To mitigate the risk of long response times to defects reported by users and/or customers.
- B. To evaluate the ability of a system to handle increasing levels of load.
- C. To reduce the threat of code insertion into a web page which may be exercised by subsequent users.
- D. To evaluate the system's tolerance to faults in terms of handling unexpected input values.
正解：B
解説：
Performance testing is a key part of ensuring that a system can handle the expected load and perform well under high demand. This type of testing is designed to test the robustness, speed, scalability, and stability of the system under a given workload. It is not primarily concerned with security threats such as code insertion (Option A), nor with fault tolerance in terms of unexpected input values (Option B), nor with the speed of addressing user-reported defects (Option C), although these may be tangential benefits. Performance testing is focused on ensuring that the system meets performance criteria and can handle increasing loads without degradation of service, which is essential for providing a good user experience and for the system's reliability.
質問 # 42
You are part of an agile team creating a user story.
Which of the following requirements engineering techniques would you use to provide a visual representation of the system and help to see the 'overall* story with the functional flow?
SELECT ONE OPTION
- A. Personas
- B. Storyboards
- C. Story Mapping
- D. Use Cases
正解：C
解説：
Story Mapping is an effective requirements engineering technique used in Agile environments to provide a visual representation of the system. It helps in understanding the 'overall' story and functional flow by mapping user stories along a timeline or process steps, laying them out in a two-dimensional structure that represents the product backlog. This technique is particularly useful for visualizing the scope of large features or entire systems, making it easier to plan releases and improve understanding among the team .
質問 # 43
Consider the following code segments.
Segment 1:
If a > b then setc = 12
elseif c >7 set c = 5
endif
Segment 2: setc= 12 for n = 1 to c
display c
endfor
Segment 3:
If (a > b) or (c < d) then
set c = 12
else
set c = 5
endlf
Segment 4:
set y = 4
call (segments)
segments:
start
for I = 1 to y
print y
endfor
end
Which segment would receive the highest cyclomatic complexity value?
- A. Segment 3
- B. Segment 2
- C. Segment 1
- D. Segment 4
正解：A
解説：
Cyclomatic complexity is a measure of the number of linearly independent paths through a program's source code. Segment 3 has two conditions: if (a > b) or (c < d) and the associated else. This structure introduces multiple decision points, thereby increasing the number of potential execution paths. Comparatively, the other segments have fewer conditions and straightforward loops, which contribute to a lower cyclomatic complexity.
Segment 3, with its compound condition and branching logic, likely has the highest cyclomatic complexity.
質問 # 44
Consider the following statements regarding Performance Efficiency Testing:
A) Static Analysis tools can analyze code to identify performance bottlenecks
B) Code reviews are an effective way of detecting performance issues
C) Scalability and Load testing are usually performed during the System test level
D) Performance test execution cannot begin until a production-like environment is available Which TWO of these statements are TRUE?
- A. b and c
- B. a and b
- C. a and c
- D. c and d
正解：C
解説：
Statements about Performance Efficiency Testing:
A: Static Analysis tools can analyze code to identify performance bottlenecks.
* True. Static analysis tools can examine the codebase to identify potential performance issues, such as
* inefficient algorithms or resource-intensive operations.
B: Code reviews are an effective way of detecting performance issues.
* True. Code reviews can help identify inefficient code and potential performance bottlenecks, especially when reviewers have experience in performance optimization.
C: Scalability and Load testing are usually performed during the System test level.
* True. These tests are typically conducted during the system testing phase to ensure that the application can handle expected load levels and scale appropriately.
D: Performance test execution cannot begin until a production-like environment is available.
* False. While a production-like environment is ideal for accurate performance testing, preliminary performance tests can begin in a less similar environment, with full testing deferred until a closer approximation of production is available.
References:
The ISTQB CTAL-TTA syllabus and standard testing practices provide information on performance testing, including the use of static analysis tools and the typical timing of scalability and load testing.
Sources:
* ISTQB-CTAL-TTA Syllabus
* General knowledge on performance testing practices.
質問 # 45
Given the following code:
If x > y and z = 3 statement!
elseif z = 4 statement
endif;
What is the minimum number of tests needed to achieve 100% decision coverage?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
正解：D
解説：
To achieve 100% decision coverage, you must ensure every decision in the code has been evaluated both to true and false. Given the code:
If x > y and z = 3 statement1 elseif z = 4 statement2 endif;
Two tests are required:
* Test 1: Set x > y true and z = 3 to evaluate the first decision as true and execute statement1.
* Test 2: Set z = 4 (ensuring the first condition x > y and z = 3 evaluates to false) to evaluate the elseif condition as true and execute statement2.
This testing ensures that both branches of the decision have been evaluated.
質問 # 46
Why should security testing include testing for any cross-site scripting vulnerabilities?
- A. Because potentially malicious code could be inserted into the system
- B. Because encryption codes could be broken
- C. Because strings could be entered from the Ul that are too long for the code to handle safely
- D. Because a "man in the middle" could exist
正解：A
解説：
Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities allow attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users. This type of security breach can lead to unauthorized access to user sessions or sensitive information and manipulate client-side scripts. Testing for XSS vulnerabilities is critical to ensure that any input received from the UI is appropriately sanitized, preventing malicious code from executing within the system. This is a fundamental aspect of security testing to protect the integrity and confidentiality of user data and system functionality.
質問 # 47
A project to replace your company's sales and merchandising system has begun. The old system is still in production but is poorly documented and expensive to maintain: changing it has often produced a large quantity of defects. The new version will be developed using modern techniques and technology.
Requirements include:
* Loading sales data, sent electronically from the stores each evening, into a central database where it is then available for other applications.
* Producing sales reports for the merchandisers, whose job is to manage stock levels in stores.
* Predictions of future demand for each product, based on a combination of sales history and forecasting parameters.
Requirements 1 and 2 are satisfied by the existing system and will be rewritten with no significant changes.
Requirement 3 is new: these forecasting reports will be run overnight, and users will request them by entering simple parameters online during the day.
The sales data are loaded in an overnight batch run. There have been problems at peak periods when this run has taken longer than scheduled, so that dependent jobs could not finish before the start of the working day.
As a Technical Test Analyst, you have been asked to contribute to the project's Master Test Plan. The concerns expressed by stakeholders during risk identification include the length of the batch job runs, ease of parameter entry for the users, unauthorized access to stored sales data, and limited time for testing. With these in mind, which TWO of the following quality characteristics sub-characteristics are likely to contain the highest levels of technical risk?
A) Operability.
B) Time behavior.
C) Interoperability.
D) Security.
E) Testability.
- A. b and d
- B. c and e
- C. a and b
- D. b and e
正解：A
解説：
In this scenario, the project's stakeholders have expressed concerns about several risk factors related to the new sales and merchandising system. As a Technical Test Analyst, it's essential to identify the quality characteristics that contain the highest levels of technical risk.
Stakeholder Concerns:
* Length of the Batch Job Runs:
* This directly impacts the time behavior of the system, which is a sub-characteristic of performance efficiency.
* Ease of Parameter Entry for Users:
* This impacts operability, a sub-characteristic of usability, but considering the given options, it's not the highest technical risk compared to others.
* Unauthorized Access to Stored Sales Data:
* This is a critical concern under security, which involves protecting the system from unauthorized access and ensuring data integrity and confidentiality.
* Limited Time for Testing:
* This relates to testability, which is the ease with which the system can be tested, but it's less critical compared to time behavior and security in this context.
Quality Characteristics with Highest Technical Risk:
* Time Behavior (Option B):
* The efficiency of batch job runs is crucial since delays can impact other dependent jobs and overall system performance. Ensuring that batch jobs complete within the scheduled time is vital to maintain system reliability and performance efficiency.
* Security (Option D):
* Unauthorized access to sales data is a significant risk. Ensuring robust security measures to protect sensitive data is essential to prevent data breaches and maintain data integrity.
Explanation of Incorrect Options:
* A. Operability: While ease of use is important, it's not the highest technical risk compared to performance and security.
* C. Interoperability: This relates to how well the system interacts with other systems, which is not a primary concern based on the given stakeholder issues.
* E. Testability: Although important, the limited testing time is less critical compared to the risks associated with system performance and data security.
References:
The ISTQB CTAL-TTA syllabus discusses quality characteristics and their sub-characteristics, emphasizing the importance of understanding different types of risks in software testing. In this case, performance efficiency (time behavior) and security are the most critical aspects given the stakeholder concerns.
Sources:
* ISTQB-CTAL-TTA Syllabus
* General knowledge on quality characteristics in software testing.
質問 # 48
Consider the following specification:
If you are flying with an economy ticket, there is a possibility that you may get upgraded to business class, especially if you hold a gold card in the airline's frequent flier program. If you don't hold a gold card, there is a possibility that you will get 'bumped' off the flight if it is full when you check in late.
This is shown in the control flow graph below. Note that each box (i.e., statement, decision) has been numbered.
Three tests have been run:
Test 1: Gold card holder who gets upgraded to business class
Test 2: Non-gold card holder who stays in economy
Test 3: A person who is bumped from the flight
What is the level of decision coverage achieved by these three tests?
- A. 67%
- B. 60%
- C. 80%
- D. 75%
正解：A
解説：
The control flow graph provided illustrates the decision points for an airline's upgrade and boarding process. Decision coverage is a measure of the percentage of decision points executed during testing:
Test 1 covers the decision points: Gold card? (Yes) and Business full? (No).
Test 2 covers: Gold card? (No) and Economy full? (No).
Test 3 covers the decision that leads to being bumped from the flight, which is Economy full? (Yes) and Business full? (Yes).
From the given tests, the decision points for Gold card? (No) and Business full? (No) are not tested, leaving us with 4 out of 6 decision points covered, which is approximately 67% decision coverage.
質問 # 49
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