[2026年01月]更新のL4M3試験問題集、L4M3練習テスト問題
検証済みL4M3問題集PDF資料 [2026]
CIPS L4M3試験では、契約計画、交渉、リスク管理、契約管理、契約閉鎖など、商業契約に関連する幅広いトピックをカバーしています。候補者は、異なる業界やコンテキストで契約を管理するためのベストプラクティスと同様に、法的および規制当局の要件を十分に理解することが期待されています。この試験は、理論的知識だけでなく、契約の起草、紛争の管理、利害関係者との効果的なコミュニケーションなどの実践的なスキルもテストするように設計されています。
質問 # 91
Which of the following are examples of conformance specification? Select TWO that apply:
- A. Output-focused specification
- B. Statement of work
- C. Technical drawing
- D. Product sample
- E. Outcome-focused specification
正解：C、D
解説：
There are two main types of specification: performance specification and conformance specification (sometimes called prescriptive or technical specifications).
A conformance specification establishes the characteristics a commodity must possess, including details of how the commodity will be manufactured; engineering plans, drawings, or blueprints may be included. The design specification states in prescriptive terms what the potential offeror must provide to the buyer.
Conformance specifications have following features:
- Focus on inputs
- Give specific method, processes and materials
- May identify specific manufacturers or components
- The 'how' as well as the 'what'
- Ties supplier to set details
Reference:
- Public Procurement Practice: SPECIFICATIONS
- CIPS study guide page 8-10
LO 1, AC 1.1
質問 # 92
Which of the following should be applied when measuring frequency of on-time deliveries during a contract period?
- A. Qualitative assessment
- B. Subjective measure
- C. Numerical measure
- D. Binary measure
正解：C
解説：
Number of on-time deliveries can be quantified, then numerical measures can be applied.
Frequency of on-time deliveries is measured as on-time deliveries as a percentage of total no. of deliveries for period.
LO 2, AC 2.2
質問 # 93
Under general legal principles of contract formation, which of the following will always automatically result in the termination of an offer?
1. Negotiation
2. Rejection
3. Failure conditionality
4. Non-disclosure
- A. 2 and 3 only
- B. 1 and 2 only
- C. 3 and 4 only
- D. 1 and 4 only
正解：A
解説：
There are a number of ways for an offer to be terminated. They are events that may occur after an offer has been made which bring it to an end so that it can no longer be accepted. An offer is terminated in the following circumstances:
1. Revocation
2. Rejection
3. Lapse of time
4. Conditional Offer (or Failure of Conditionality)
5. Operation of law
6. Death
7. Acceptance
8. Illegality
Reference:
- How Is an Offer Terminated?
- CIPS study guide page 31-32
LO 1, AC 1.2
質問 # 94
Social and environmental criteria are often incorporated into which of the following type of specification?
- A. Output specification
- B. Conformance specification
- C. Technical specification
- D. Design specification
正解：A
解説：
Developing and using generic specifications is as import in the sustainable procurement process as it is in the traditional procurement process. During this stage, human/labour rights and environmental performance criteria should be translated into specifications that meet specific requirements of the specified outcome, desired by the procurement action.
The specification stage is key to all types of contract. Building in environmental and social considerations at this early stage, provides a clear indication to suppliers that sustainability is important to the UN organization. Consider available alternatives which are less environmentally and socially damaging. Consider all the phases of a product's life cycle (e.g. production, transportation, maintenance, disposal, etc) when determining its cost and environmental impact. Assess the overall environmental and social integrity of suppliers by looking at their policies and practices.
Specifications which are output-based rather than input-based can increase supplier innovation, reduce waste and minimise harmful social and environmental impacts.
Reference:
- Sustainable Procurement
- CIPS study guide page 95-99
LO 2, AC 2.1
質問 # 95
Infra Constructions receive a contract for construction of a building, and following terms were agreed upon. "The entire cost of the project will be reimbursed to Infra Constructions (estimated cost of the project being $ 25 million). The profits will be 20% of the entire cost of a project subject to a max of $ 5 million." This arrangement is an example of...?
- A. Gain-share/pain-share arrangment
- B. Cost-plus pricing arrangement
- C. Fixed-pricing arrangement
- D. Incentive pricing arrangement
正解：B
解説：
In the contract term, the buyer agrees to pay the contractor the cost of doing project plus a profit. This is an example of cost-plus pricing arrangement.
On the other hand, "Fixed-pricing arrangement" often refers to lump-sum contract or supply/service contract with fixed price. "Incentive pricing arrangement" and "Gain-share/pain-share arrangement" have the same meaning. In this type of arrangement, both supplier and buyer agree on a target (it can be cost, or lead time, or quality, etc). Once the supplier reaches that target, it will be rewarded with a portion of the gain that the buyer gets, and will pay the price if it fails.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.3
質問 # 96
Which of the following should be specially noticed in market dialogue with suppliers in specification development?
- A. Both parties must respect confidentiality
- B. Market dialogue is banned in the public sector
- C. The buying organisation must avoid social media at all cost
- D. Market dialogue should only be conducted with well-known supplier
正解：A
解説：
Being clear on your objectives helps you to design the best approach to the dialogue. There are some notices in developing dialogue with suppliers:
- All meetings should be documented
- Respect commercial confidentiality. Although insights gained from one conversation lead to questions in another, you must be very careful not to allow this to happen in a way that breaches the confidentiality of the first conversation.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.1
質問 # 97
Which of the following should include in the service level agreement that is an appendix of a contract?
1. How often the service is measured
2. Minimum qualification of supplier staffs
3. Remedies to resolve dispute
4. On time service delivery
- A. 1, 3 and 4 only
- B. 1, 2 and 4 only
- C. 1, 2 and 3 only
- D. 2, 3 and 4 only
正解：B
解説：
When the SLA is a schedule or an appendix to the contract, it should clearly state the following:
1. KPIs: how they are to be measured, who measures them and how often
2. How the measurements convert into scores
3. Any other service level standards, which may be of lesser importance than the KPIs
4. Minimum acceptable standards or scores in each case
5. Range of scores both above and below the minimum acceptable
6. Any mitigating factors which might apply in the event of poor performance
7. Any time period permitted in which to remedy a situation or poor performance.
In this question, "2. Minimum qualification of supplier staffs" and "4. On time service delivery" are the KPIs, while "1. How often the service is measured" is the frequency in which the KPIs are measured.
The remedies available in the event of poor performance should be set out in the body of the contract, along with those for any other contractual breach. These clauses should be cross-referenced in the SLA.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.2
質問 # 98
Which of the following regulates barriers to the trade of goods between Member States of WTO?
- A. CISG
- B. TRIPS
- C. GATT
- D. NAFTA
正解：C
解説：
- The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a legal agreement between many countries, whose overall purpose was to promote international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas. According to its preamble, its purpose was the "substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis."
- CISG is the Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. This is a voluntary treaty under United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). The purpose of the Vienna Convention is to set out a framework for international transactions based on a uniform approach. It establishes substantive rules that regulate the duties and obligations of both parties, including the delivery of goods, contract formation, and remedies for breach of contract.
- The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an international legal agreement between all the member nations of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It sets down minimum standards for the regulation by national governments of many forms of intellectual property (IP) as applied to nationals of other WTO member nations.
- The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA; Spanish: Tratado de Libre Comercio de America del Norte, TLCAN; French: Accord de libre-echange nord-americain, ALeNA) is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America.
Reference:
LO 1, AC 1.3
質問 # 99
Information assurance protects information systems and...?
- A. Computers
- B. Inventory
- C. Hard copy
- D. People
正解：A
解説：
Information Assurance (IA) is the practice of managing information-related risks and the steps involved to protect information systems such as computer and network systems. The IA transformation is a partnership that stretches across the Department of Defense (DoD), Office of National Intelligence, Committee on National Security Systems, National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST), and the Office of Management and Budget.
The US Government's definition of information assurance is:
"measures that protect and defend information and information systems by ensuring their availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and non-repudiation. These measures include providing for restoration of information systems by incorporating protection, detection, and reaction capabilities." Reference:
- What is Information Assurance (IA)?
- CIPS study guide page 99-100
LO 2, AC 2.1
質問 # 100
Which of the following are always considered as minimum preconditions for a contract? Select TWO that apply:
- A. Intention to be bound
- B. Promise
- C. Omission
- D. Consideration
- E. Specification
正解：A、D
解説：
In order to form a contract to come into being, there are five conditions:
- Offer
- Acceptance
- Consideration
- Intention to be legally bound
- Capacity to contract
Reference: CIPS study guide page 28-43
LO 1, AC 1.2
質問 # 101
Company A based in Canada signed a commercial contract with Company B in Egypt. Both countries are Contracting States to Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The contract states that "The validity, interpretation, construction and performance of this Agreement shall be governed by the laws of Canada". Which of the following set of rules will be applied if dispute between contracting parties occurs?
- A. CISG
- B. Canada's legal system
- C. Egypt's legal system
- D. WTO rules
正解：B
解説：
Where the sale of goods is between two businesses in different Contracting States, then it is international and the CISG rules of law automatically apply unless they have been excluded. A contract clause stating that the contract is subject to the legal systems and courts of a particular country overrides or excludes the CISG rules, since the local rules of that country would apply instead.
So the answer should be Canada's legal system.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 49-52
LO 1, AC 1.2
質問 # 102
Foodstuffs may arrive from an overseas supplier in a deteriorated state. Is this covered under the implied term of 'satisfactory quality'?
- A. No, it is sale by sample
- B. Yes, as the title has not passed yet
- C. No, it is sale by description
- D. Yes, the food is not of a reasonable standard
正解：D
解説：
Under the Sale of Goods Act and other applicable legislation, goods must be of satisfactory quality, fit for purpose, and as described. Perishable goods arriving in a spoiled state would not meet the standard of satisfactory quality, even if sold by sample or description. This is an implied term that protects the buyer.
Reference:CIPS L4M3 Commercial Contracting Study Guide, Chapter 3, Section 3.1.1 - Implied terms and quality standards.
質問 # 103
Maria is working on a new one-off construction project and is looking to expand a factory. A requisition comes through for an outright purchase of a digger. Maria changes this to a lease order instead. Is she right to do so?
- A. No, buyers should not challenge or change a requisition
- B. Yes, this saves money and the business will not end up with an unwanted asset
- C. Yes, equipment should always be leased and never purchased
- D. No, diggers are not allowed to be leased
正解：B
解説：
For short-term or one-off projects, leasing equipment is often more cost-effective than purchasing. It reduces the financial burden of asset ownership, such as depreciation and maintenance, especially if the equipment is not needed beyond the project's scope. Maria's decision aligns with sound procurement and asset management practices.
Reference:CIPS L4M3 Commercial Contracting Study Guide, Chapter 4, Section 4.1.1 - Fixed, unit rate, cost plus and leasing arrangements.
質問 # 104
In order to monitor supplier's performance, an organization decides to draft performance management frameworks. Which of the following are the components of a performance management framework? Select THREE that apply:
- A. Indemnity
- B. Justification
- C. Consequences
- D. Force majeure
- E. Targets
- F. KPIs
正解：C、E、F
解説：
There are three key components of a performance management framework:
- Key performance indicators (KPIs) - What you are measuring
- Targets - the performance level to be achieved
- Consequences - what happens if the measures are not achieved and/or if they are exceeded Reference:
LO 1, AC 1.1
質問 # 105
Bandpro is a reseller of branded computer products to the private and public sector. The procurement team must purchase 500 items each day solely by multiple phone calls and emails to suppliers. Due to this practice, it takes a lot of time to track and collect relevant documents.Some important documents even get lost, which makes procurement audit more burdensome. Which of the following would increase the robustness of audit trails in procurement activities?
- A. Every evidence must be recorded by paper
- B. Adopt e-procurement
- C. Spend less time on auditing procurement procedures
- D. Rectify non-compliant activities
正解：B
解説：
Audit trail is a chronological record the sequence of events connected to a given transaction, such as a purchase of raw materials, payroll disbursements, or a detailed financial statement. The record includes all the source documents connected to the transaction, providing context and clarity in the event a review is required.
The more comprehensive the documentation, the more effective the audit trail is when used to create financial reports, verify information, and ensure compliance while eliminating fraud.
In the scenario, the procurement team gets the quotation from phone calls and emails which have weak audit trails and lack of transparency. One solution may be increasing the use of e-procurement system.
Reference:
- What is an audit trail?
- CIPS study guide page 6-7
LO 1, AC 1.1
質問 # 106
Maximum Score 1
Buyer O has placed an order for the supply and installation of six new servers for a total amount of £600,000 from Supplier A. Which of the following could potentially be treated as examples of a liquidated damages clause within the contract for the supply of the servers?
* If the supplier delivers any of the servers late, £1,000 per server will be deducted from the order per day
* This contract is subject to delay remedies of £X - the amount to be agreed by both parties during delivery
* The sum for breach of the completion date for the order is £40,000 per day up to a maximum of 50% of the contract price
* If the performance of any of the servers degrades within five years, a full refund of £600,000 will be provided
- A. 2 and 4 only
- B. 1 and 2 only
- C. 3 and 4 only
- D. 1 and 3 only
正解：D
解説：
Liquidated damages are pre-agreed fixed sums payable for specific breaches, such as late delivery.
Clauses 1 and 3 meet this definition.
Clause 2 is uncertain ("to be agreed") and unenforceable; clause 4 is a warranty, not LDs.
Reference: CIPS L4M3 Commercial Contracting - "Remedies for breach - liquidated damages."
質問 # 107
Maximum Score 1
When a company has decided to outsource part of its operation, the contract will need to include a number of key contract terms to minimise risk. Which of the following should be included?
* A confidentiality clause designed to protect either party
* A clause stating how long the service is to be outsourced
* A clause stating how long the employees can take for holiday
* A contract variation and price adjustment clause
- A. 2 and 4 only
- B. 1 and 2 only
- C. 1 and 4 only
- D. 3 and 4 only
正解：C
解説：
Risk-minimising clauses typically include:
* Confidentiality clauses (1) to protect business data.
* Variation and price adjustment clauses (4) to allow flexibility for scope or cost changes.Service duration and holidays are administrative and not risk-control terms.
Reference: CIPS L4M3 Commercial Contracting - "Contract clauses that control commercial risk."
質問 # 108
XYZ Ltd and Engineer Corp signed a long-term supply contract in which both parties had agreed on performance targets. Recently, due to increased customer demands, XYZ Ltd realises that they should make changes to the contract with Engineer Corp with regards to performance management. These changes are approved and signed by both the buyer and seller. The changes to the contract are known as...?
- A. An amendment to the prime contract
- B. A separate counter-offer to the supplier
- C. A stand-alone subcontract to the prime contract
- D. An appendix to the prime contract
正解：A
解説：
The changes are made to the prime contract. They are also signed and approved by both parties. These changes are known as amendment (variation) to the contract. A contract amendment allows the parties to make a mutually agreed-upon change to an existing contract. An amendment can add to an existing contract, delete from it, or change parts of it. The original contract remains in place, only with some terms altered by way of the amendment.
Reference:
- Modify an Existing Contract with a Contract Amendment
- CIPS study guide page 26-28
LO 1, AC 1.1
質問 # 109
Which of the following are commonly used as model forms of contracts in construction in the UK?
- A. NEC
- B. CIPS
- C. IET
- D. JCT
- E. Select TWO that apply
- F. AS
正解：A、D
解説：
- NEC: New Engineering Contract - a family of standard contracts primarily used in construction in the UK; includes works, consultants, services
- JCT: Joint Contracts Tribunal - a family of standard contracts used in construction in the UK; includes works, consultants. subcontracts, services
- AS: Australian Standards contracts - different contracts for a range of purchase types including constructions, consultancy, periodic supply of goods
- IET: Institution of Engineering and Technology which issue jointly agreed model forms covering the design, supply and installation of electrical, electronic and mechanical plant 'including special conditions for the ancillary development of software'
- CIPS: Chartered Institute of Procurement and Supply - CIPS has developed its own suites of standard forms of contract for IT functions including: supply and installation of computer equipment, support and maintenance of bespoke software, servicing of computer equipment.
Reference:
LO3, AC 3.1
質問 # 110
Which of the following best defines an 'express' term in general contract arrangements?
- A. It is the term that is added to the contract by the law or based upon the facts of the case.
- B. It is not necessarily discussed by the parties, but nonetheless forms part of the contract
- C. It is a standard set of terms and conditions published by CIPS
- D. It is clearly agreed between the parties, and is virtually always written down in the contract
正解：D
解説：
Express terms are the terms of the agreement which are expressly agreed between the parties. Ideally, they will be written down in a contract between the parties but where the contract is agreed verbally, they will be the terms discussed and agreed between the parties.
Implied terms are terms implied into the contract by the courts. They are not expressly set out in the contract but are taken to be as effective as if they were and as if they had been included from day one of the contract.
The express terms and any implied terms together create the legally binding obligations on the parties.
Reference:
- Contracts: Express and Implied Terms
- CIPS study guide 126-132
LO 3, AC 3.1
質問 # 111
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