[Q23-Q47] 検証済みCCAK問題集PDF資料 [2025]

検証済みCCAK問題集PDF資料 [2025]

最新のCCAK実際の無料試験問題更新された207問あります

質問 # 23
Which of the following is an example of integrity technical impact?

• A. A hacker using a stolen administrator identity alerts the discount percentage in the product database.
• B. A DDoS attack renders the customer's cloud inaccessible for 24 hours.
• C. An administrator inadvertently click on Phish bait exposing his company to a ransomware attack.
• D. The cloud provider reports a breach of customer personal data from an unsecured server.

正解：C

質問 # 24
An auditor examining a cloud service provider's service level agreement (SLA) should be MOST concerned about whether:

• A. the agreement includes any operational matters that are material to the service operations.
• B. the agreement includes any service availability matters that are material to the service operations.
• C. the agreement excludes any operational matters that are material to the service operations
• D. the agreement excludes any sourcing and financial matters that are material in meeting the service level agreement (SLA).

正解：C

解説：
Explanation
An auditor examining a cloud service provider's SLA should be most concerned about whether the agreement excludes any operational matters that are material to the service operations, as this could indicate a lack of transparency, accountability, and quality assurance from the provider. Operational matters are the aspects of the cloud service that affect its functionality, performance, availability, reliability, security, and compliance. Examples of operational matters include service scope, roles and responsibilities, service levels and metrics, monitoring and reporting mechanisms, incident and problem management, change management, backup and recovery, data protection and privacy, and termination and exit clauses12. These matters are material to the service operations if they have a significant impact on the achievement of the service objectives and expectations of the cloud customer. The auditor should verify that the SLA covers all the relevant and material operational matters in a clear and comprehensive manner, and that the provider adheres to the SLA terms and conditions.
The other options are not the most concerning for the auditor. Option A is a desirable feature of an SLA, but not a concern if it is missing. Option B is an unrealistic expectation of an SLA, as sourcing and financial matters are usually essential in meeting the SLA. Option C is a specific example of an operational matter that is material to the service operations, but not the only one that should be included in the SLA. References:
Cloud Services Due Diligence Checklist
Cloud Computing: Agencies Need to Incorporate Key Practices to Ensure Effective Performance

質問 # 25
Organizations maintain mappings between the different control frameworks they adopt to:

• A. avoid duplication of work when assessing compliance,
• B. start a compliance assessment using the latest assessment.
• C. help identify controls with different assessment status.
• D. help identify controls with common assessment status.

正解：A

解説：
Organizations maintain mappings between the different control frameworks they adopt to avoid duplication of work when assessing compliance. This is because different control frameworks may have overlapping or equivalent controls that address the same objectives or risks. By mapping these controls, organizations can streamline their compliance assessment process and reduce the cost and effort involved. Mappings also help organizations to identify any gaps or inconsistencies in their control coverage and address them accordingly. This is part of the Cloud Control Matrix (CCM) domain COM-03: Control Frameworks, which states that "The organization should identify and adopt applicable control frameworks, standards, and best practices to support the cloud compliance program."1 References := CCAK Study Guide, Chapter 3: Cloud Compliance Program, page 54

質問 # 26
Which of the following is a good candidate for continuous auditing?

• A. Documentation quality
• B. Governance
• C. Cryptography and authentication
• D. Procedures

正解：C

解説：
Explanation
Cryptography and authentication are good candidates for continuous auditing, as they are critical aspects of cloud security that require constant monitoring and verification. Cryptography and authentication refer to the methods and techniques that ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and communications in the cloud environment. Cryptography involves the use of encryption algorithms and keys to protect data from unauthorized access or modification. Authentication involves the use of credentials and tokens to verify the identity and access rights of users or devices. Continuous auditing can help to assess the effectiveness and compliance of cryptography and authentication controls, such as data encryption, key management, password policies, multifactor authentication, single sign-on, etc. Continuous auditing can also help to detect and alert any anomalies or issues that may compromise or affect cryptography and authentication, such as data breaches, key leakage, password cracking, unauthorized access, etc123.
Procedures (A) are not good candidates for continuous auditing, as they are not specific or measurable aspects of cloud security that can be easily automated or tested. Procedures refer to the steps or actions that are performed to achieve a certain objective or result in a specific domain or context. Procedures may vary depending on the type, nature, or complexity of the task or process involved. Continuous auditing requires a clear and consistent definition of the expected outcome or output, as well as the criteria or metrics to evaluate it. Procedures may not provide such a definition or criteria, and may require human judgment or interpretation to assess their effectiveness or compliance123.
Governance (B) is not a good candidate for continuous auditing, as it is not a specific or measurable aspect of cloud security that can be easily automated or tested. Governance refers to the framework or system that defines the roles, responsibilities, policies, standards, procedures, and practices for managing and overseeing an organization or a domain. Governance may involve multiple stakeholders, such as management, board of directors, regulators, auditors, customers, etc., who have different interests, expectations, or perspectives.
Continuous auditing requires a clear and consistent definition of the expected outcome or output, as well as the criteria or metrics to evaluate it. Governance may not provide such a definition or criteria, and may require human judgment or interpretation to assess its effectiveness or compliance123.
Documentation quality (D) is not a good candidate for continuous auditing, as it is not a specific or measurable aspect of cloud security that can be easily automated or tested. Documentation quality refers to the degree to which the documents that describe or support an organization or a domain are accurate, complete, consistent, relevant, and understandable. Documentation quality may depend on various factors, such as the purpose, audience, format, style, language, structure, content, etc., of the documents involved. Continuous auditing requires a clear and consistent definition of the expected outcome or output, as well as the criteria or metrics to evaluate it. Documentation quality may not provide such a definition or criteria, and may require human judgment or interpretation to assess its effectiveness or compliance123. References := Cloud Audits: A Guide for Cloud Service Providers - Cloud Standards ...
Cloud Audits: A Guide for Cloud Service Customers - Cloud Standards ...
Cloud Auditing Knowledge: Preparing for the CCAK Certificate Exam

質問 # 27
What areas should be reviewed when auditing a public cloud?

• A. Identity and access management (IAM) and data protection
• B. Vulnerability management and cyber security reviews
• C. Patching and configuration
• D. Source code reviews and hypervisor

正解：A

解説：
Identity and access management (IAM) and data protection are the areas that should be reviewed when auditing a public cloud, as they are the key aspects of cloud security and compliance that affect both the cloud service provider and the cloud service customer. IAM and data protection refer to the methods and techniques that ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and resources in the cloud environment. IAM involves the use of credentials, policies, roles, permissions, and tokens to verify the identity and access rights of users or devices. Data protection involves the use of encryption, backup, recovery, deletion, and retention to protect data from unauthorized access, modification, loss, or disclosure123.
Patching and configuration (A) are not the areas that should be reviewed when auditing a public cloud, as they are not the key aspects of cloud security and compliance that affect both the cloud service provider and the cloud service customer. Patching and configuration refer to the processes and practices that ensure the security, reliability, and performance of the cloud infrastructure, platform, or software. Patching involves the use of updates or fixes to address vulnerabilities, bugs, errors, or exploits that may compromise or affect the functionality of the cloud components. Configuration involves the use of settings or parameters to customize or optimize the functionality of the cloud components. Patching and configuration are mainly under the responsibility of the cloud service provider, as they own and operate the cloud infrastructure, platform, or software. The cloud service customer has limited or no access or control over these aspects123.
Vulnerability management and cyber security reviews (B) are not the areas that should be reviewed when auditing a public cloud, as they are not specific or measurable aspects of cloud security and compliance that can be easily audited or tested. Vulnerability management and cyber security reviews refer to the processes and practices that identify, assess, treat, monitor, and report on the risks that affect the security posture of an organization or a domain. Vulnerability management involves the use of tools or techniques to scan, analyze, prioritize, remediate, or mitigate vulnerabilities that may expose an organization or a domain to threats or attacks. Cyber security reviews involve the use of tools or techniques to evaluate, measure, benchmark, or improve the security capabilities or maturity of an organization or a domain. Vulnerability management and cyber security reviews are general or broad terms that encompass various aspects of cloud security and compliance, such as IAM, data protection, patching, configuration, etc. Therefore, they are not specific or measurable areas that can be audited or tested individually123.
Source code reviews and hypervisor (D) are not the areas that should be reviewed when auditing a public cloud, as they are not relevant or accessible aspects of cloud security and compliance for most cloud service customers. Source code reviews refer to the processes and practices that examine the source code of software applications or systems to identify errors, bugs, vulnerabilities, or inefficiencies that may affect their quality, functionality, or security. Hypervisor refers to the software that allows the creation and management of virtual machines on a physical server. Source code reviews and hypervisor are mainly under the responsibility of the cloud service provider, as they own and operate the software applications or systems that deliver cloud services. The cloud service customer has no access or control over these aspects123. Reference := Cloud Audits: A Guide for Cloud Service Providers - Cloud Standards ...
Cloud Audits: A Guide for Cloud Service Customers - Cloud Standards ...
Cloud Auditing Knowledge: Preparing for the CCAK Certificate Exam

質問 # 28
To identify key actors and requirements, which of the following MUST be considered when designing a cloud compliance program?

• A. Enterprise risk management, data protection, privacy and legal perspectives
• B. Key stakeholders, enterprise risk management, and Internal audit perspectives
• C. Cloud service provider, internal and external audit perspectives
• D. Business/organizational, governance, cloud and risk perspectives

正解：D

質問 # 29
When applying the Top Threats Analysis methodology following an incident, what is the scope of the technical impact identification step?

• A. Determine the impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information system.
• B. Determine the impact on the controls that were selected by the organization to respond to identified risks.
• C. Determine the impact on the physical and environmental security of the organization, excluding informational assets.
• D. Determine the impact on the financial, operational, compliance, and reputation of the organization.

正解：A

解説：
When applying the Top Threats Analysis methodology following an incident, the scope of the technical impact identification step is to determine the impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information system. The Top Threats Analysis methodology is a process developed by the Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) to help organizations identify, analyze, and mitigate the top threats to cloud computing, as defined in the CSA Top Threats reports. The methodology consists of six steps1:
Scope definition: Define the scope of the analysis, such as the cloud service model, deployment model, and business context.
Threat identification: Identify the relevant threats from the CSA Top Threats reports that may affect the scope of the analysis.
Technical impact identification: Determine the impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information system caused by each threat. Confidentiality refers to the protection of data from unauthorized access or disclosure. Integrity refers to the protection of data from unauthorized modification or deletion. Availability refers to the protection of data and services from disruption or denial.
Business impact identification: Determine the impact on the business objectives and operations caused by each threat, such as financial loss, reputational damage, legal liability, or regulatory compliance.
Risk assessment: Assess the likelihood and severity of each threat based on the technical and business impacts, and prioritize the threats according to their risk level.
Risk treatment: Select and implement appropriate risk treatment options for each threat, such as avoidance, mitigation, transfer, or acceptance.
The technical impact identification step is important because it helps to measure the extent of damage or harm that each threat can cause to the information system and its components. This step also helps to align the technical impacts with the business impacts and to support the risk assessment and treatment steps.

質問 # 30
ENISA: Lock-in is ranked as a high risk in ENISA research, a key underlying vulnerability causing lock in is:

• A. Lack of completeness and transparency in terms of use
• B. Lack of information onjurisdictions
• C. Audit or certification not available to customers
• D. No source escrow agreement
• E. Unclear asset ownership

正解：A

質問 # 31
Regarding cloud service provider agreements and contracts, unless otherwise stated, the provider is:

• A. responsible to the cloud customer and its clients.
• B. responsible only to the cloud customer.
• C. not responsible at all to any external parties.
• D. responsible to the cloud customer and its end users

正解：B

解説：
Explanation
Regarding cloud service provider agreements and contracts, unless otherwise stated, the provider is responsible only to the cloud customer. This means that the provider has a contractual obligation to deliver the agreed-upon services and meet the service level agreements (SLAs) with the cloud customer, who is the direct payer of the services. The provider is not responsible for any other parties, such as the cloud customer's clients, end users, or regulators, unless explicitly specified in the contract. The cloud customer is responsible for ensuring that the provider's services meet their own compliance and security requirements, as well as those of their stakeholders12.
References:
Shared responsibility in the cloud - Microsoft Azure
Cloud security shared responsibility model - NCSC

質問 # 32
Which of the following should a cloud auditor recommend regarding controls for application interfaces and databases to prevent manual or systematic processing errors, corruption of data, or misuse?

• A. Testing in accordance with leading industry standards such as OWASP
• B. Assessment of contractual and regulatory requirements for customer access
• C. Establishment of policies and procedures across multiple system interfaces, jurisdictions, and business functions to prevent improper disclosure, alteration, or destruction
• D. Data input and output integrity routines

正解：D

解説：
Explanation
The correct answer is C. Data input and output integrity routines (i.e., reconciliation and edit checks) are controls that can be implemented for application interfaces and databases to prevent manual or systematic processing errors, corruption of data, or misuse. This is stated in the Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM) control AIS-03: Data Integrity123, which is part of the Application & Interface Security domain. The CCM is a cybersecurity control framework for cloud computing that can be used by cloud customers to build an operational cloud risk management program.
The other options are not directly related to the question. Option A refers to the CCM control AIS-02:
Customer Access Requirements2, which addresses the security, contractual, and regulatory requirements for customer access to data, assets, and information systems. Option B refers to the CCM control AIS-04: Data Security / Integrity2, which establishes policies and procedures to support data security across multiple system interfaces, jurisdictions, and business functions. Option D refers to the CCM control AIS-01: Application Security2, which requires applications and programming interfaces (APIs) to be designed, developed, deployed, and tested in accordance with leading industry standards (e.g., OWASP for web applications).
References :=
Certificate of Cloud Auditing Knowledge (CCAK) Study Guide, Chapter 5: Cloud Assurance Frameworks What is the Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM)? - Cloud Security Alliance4 AIS-03: Data Integrity - CSF Tools - Identity Digital1 AIS: Application & Interface Security - CSF Tools - Identity Digital2 PR.DS-6: Integrity checking mechanisms are used to verify software ... - CSF Tools - Identity Digital

質問 # 33
Which of the following enables auditors to conduct gap analyses of what a cloud service provider offers versus what the customer requires?

• A. Using a standardized control framework
• B. The experience gained over the years
• C. Understanding the customer risk profile
• D. The as-is and to-be enterprise architecture (EA

正解：A

解説：
Using a standardized control framework enables auditors to conduct gap analyses of what a cloud service provider (CSP) offers versus what the customer requires. A standardized control framework is a set of guidelines, best practices, and criteria that help to evaluate and improve the security, privacy, and compliance of cloud computing environments. Examples of standardized control frameworks include ISO/IEC 27001
/27002/27017/27018, NIST SP 800-53, CSA Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM), COBIT, etc. By using a standardized control framework, auditors can compare the CSP's policies, procedures, and practices with the customer's expectations and requirements, and identify any gaps or discrepancies that may pose risks or issues. A gap analysis can help the auditors to provide recommendations and suggestions to the CSP and the customer on how to close the gaps and enhance the quality and performance of the cloud services12.
References:
* Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM) - CSA
* Cloud Computing Audit Program - ISACA

質問 # 34
Which of the following has the MOST substantial impact on how aggressive or conservative the cloud approach of an organization will be?

• A. Risk scoring criteria
• B. Applicable laws and regulations
• C. Internal policies and technical standards
• D. Risk appetite and budget constraints

正解：D

解説：
Risk appetite and budget constraints have the most substantial impact on how aggressive or conservative the cloud approach of an organization will be. Risk appetite is the amount and type of risk that an organization is willing to accept in pursuit of its objectives. Budget constraints are the limitations on the financial resources that an organization can allocate to its cloud initiatives. Both factors influence the organization's strategic decisions on which cloud service models, deployment models, providers, and solutions to adopt, as well as the level of security, compliance, and performance to achieve. An organization with a high risk appetite and a large budget may opt for a more aggressive cloud approach, such as moving critical applications and data to a public cloud provider, while an organization with a low risk appetite and a small budget may opt for a more conservative cloud approach, such as keeping sensitive information on-premises or using a private cloud provider12.
References:
* ISACA, Certificate of Cloud Auditing Knowledge (CCAK) Study Guide, 2021, p. 17-18.
* CSA, Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM) v4.0, 2021, p. 63.

質問 # 35
All cloud services utilize virtualization technologies.

• A. False
• B. True

正解：B

質問 # 36
Which of the following is the common cause of misconfiguration in a cloud environment?

• A. New cloud computing techniques
• B. Absence of effective change control
• C. Traditional change process mechanisms
• D. Using multiple cloud service providers

正解：B

質問 # 37
"Network environments and virtual instances shall be designed and configured to restrict and monitor traffic between trusted and untrusted connections. These configurations shall be reviewed at least annually, and supported by a documented justification for use for all allowed services, protocols, ports, and by compensating controls." Which of the following types of controls BEST matches this control description?

• A. Virtual instance and OS hardening
• B. Network security
• C. Change detection
• D. Network vulnerability management

正解：B

解説：
The correct answer is B. Network security is the type of control that best matches the control description given in the question. Network security involves designing and configuring network environments and virtual instances to restrict and monitor traffic between trusted and untrusted connections, such as firewalls, routers, switches, VPNs, and network segmentation. Network security also requires periodic reviews and documentation of the network configurations and the justification for the allowed services, protocols, ports, and compensating controls.
The other options are not directly related to the question. Option A, virtual instance and OS hardening, refers to the process of applying security configurations and patches to virtual instances and operating systems to reduce their attack surface and vulnerabilities. Option C, network vulnerability management, refers to the process of identifying, assessing, prioritizing, and remediating network vulnerabilities using tools such as scanners, analyzers, and testers. Option D, change detection, refers to the process of monitoring and detecting changes in the system or network environment that could affect the security posture or performance of the system or network.
References :=
* IVS-01: Network Security - CSF Tools - Identity Digital1
* Certificate of Cloud Auditing Knowledge (CCAK) Study Guide, Chapter 6: Cloud Security Controls
* Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM) - CSA2

質問 # 38
Which of the following is the FIRST step of the Cloud Risk Evaluation Framework?

• A. Identifying key risk categories
• B. Analyzing potential impact and likelihood
• C. Evaluating and documenting the risks
• D. Establishing cloud risk profile

正解：A

解説：
Explanation
The first step of the Cloud Risk Evaluation Framework is to identify key risk categories. Key risk categories are the broad areas or domains of cloud security and compliance that may affect the cloud service provider and the cloud service customer. Key risk categories may include data security, identity and access management, encryption and key management, incident response, disaster recovery, audit assurance and compliance, etc.
Identifying key risk categories helps to scope and focus the cloud risk assessment process, as well as to prioritize and rank the risks based on their relevance and significance. Identifying key risk categories also helps to align and map the risks with the applicable standards, regulations, or frameworks that govern cloud security and compliance12.
Analyzing potential impact and likelihood (A) is not the first step of the Cloud Risk Evaluation Framework, but rather the third step. Analyzing potential impact and likelihood is the process of estimating the consequences or effects of a risk event on the business objectives, operations, processes, or functions (impact), as well as the probability or frequency of a risk event occurring (likelihood). Analyzing potential impact and likelihood helps to measure and quantify the severity or magnitude of the risk event, as well as to prioritize and rank the risks based on their impact and likelihood12.
Establishing cloud risk profile (B) is not the first step of the Cloud Risk Evaluation Framework, but rather the second step. Establishing cloud risk profile is the process of defining and documenting the expected level of risk that an organization is willing to accept or tolerate in relation to its cloud services (risk appetite), as well as the actual level of risk that an organization faces or encounters in relation to its cloud services (risk exposure). Establishing cloud risk profile helps to determine and communicate the objectives, expectations, and responsibilities of cloud security and compliance, as well as to align and integrate them with the business strategy and goals12.
Evaluating and documenting the risks is not the first step of the Cloud Risk Evaluation Framework, but rather the fourth step. Evaluating and documenting the risks is the process of assessing and reporting on the effectiveness and efficiency of the controls or actions that are implemented or applied to prevent, avoid, transfer, or accept a risk event (risk treatment), as well as identifying and addressing any gaps or issues that may arise (risk monitoring). Evaluating and documenting the risks helps to ensure that the actual level of risk is aligned with the desired level of risk, as well as to update and improve the risk management strategy and plan12. References := Cloud Auditing Knowledge: Preparing for the CCAK Certificate Exam Cloud Risk-10 Principles and a Framework for Assessment - ISACA

質問 # 39
Which of the following is the BEST tool to perform cloud security control audits?

• A. Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM)
• B. ISO 27001
• C. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
• D. Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 140-2

正解：A

解説：
The CSA Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM) is the best tool to perform cloud security control audits, as it is a cybersecurity control framework for cloud computing that is aligned to the CSA best practices and is considered the de-facto standard for cloud security and privacy1. The CCM provides a set of 197 control objectives that are structured in 17 domains covering all key aspects of cloud technology, such as identity and access management, data security, encryption and key management, business continuity and disaster recovery, audit assurance and compliance, and risk management1. The CCM also maps the controls to various industry- accepted security standards, regulations, and control frameworks, such as ISO 27001/27002/27017/27018, NIST SP 800-53, PCI DSS, GDPR, and others1. The CCM can be used as a tool for the systematic assessment of a cloud implementation, and provides guidance on which security controls should be implemented by which actor within the cloud supply chain1. The CCM also includes the Consensus Assessment Initiative Questionnaire (CAIQ), which provides a set of "yes or no" questions based on the security controls in the CCM that can be used to assess a cloud service provider2.
The other options are not the best tools to perform cloud security control audits, as they are either not specific to cloud computing or not comprehensive enough. GDPR is a regulation that aims to protect the personal data and privacy of individuals in the European Union and the European Economic Area3, but it does not provide a framework for cloud security controls. FIPS 140-2 is a standard that specifies the security requirements for cryptographic modules used by federal agencies in the United States, but it does not cover other aspects of cloud security. ISO 27001 is a standard that specifies the requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining and continually improving an information security management system within the context of the organization, but it does not provide specific guidance for cloud services. References:
* Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM) - CSA
* Cloud Controls Matrix and CAIQ v4 | CSA - Cloud Security Alliance
* General Data Protection Regulation - Wikipedia
* [FIPS 140-2 - Wikipedia]
* [ISO/IEC 27001:2013]

質問 # 40
What aspect of Software as a Service (SaaS) functionality and operations would the cloud customer be responsible for and should be audited?

• A. Vulnerability management
• B. Access controls
• C. Patching
• D. Source code reviews

正解：B

解説：
Explanation
According to the cloud shared responsibility model, the cloud customer is responsible for managing the access controls for the SaaS functionality and operations, and this should be audited by the cloud auditor12. Access controls are the mechanisms that restrict and regulate who can access and use the SaaS applications and data, and how they can do so. Access controls include identity and access management, authentication, authorization, encryption, logging, and monitoring. The cloud customer is responsible for defining and enforcing the access policies, roles, and permissions for the SaaS users, as well as ensuring that the access controls are aligned with the security and compliance requirements of the customer's business context12.
The other options are not the aspects of SaaS functionality and operations that the cloud customer is responsible for and should be audited. Option B is incorrect, as vulnerability management is the process of identifying, assessing, and mitigating the security weaknesses in the SaaS applications and infrastructure, and this is usually handled by the cloud service provider12. Option C is incorrect, as patching is the process of updating and fixing the SaaS applications and infrastructure to address security issues or improve performance, and this is also usually handled by the cloud service provider12. Option D is incorrect, as source code reviews are the process of examining and testing the SaaS applications' source code to detect errors or vulnerabilities, and this is also usually handled by the cloud service provider12. References:
Shared responsibility in the cloud - Microsoft Azure
The Customer's Responsibility in the Cloud Shared Responsibility Model - ISACA

質問 # 41
What is the MOST effective way to ensure a vendor is compliant with the agreed-upon cloud service?

• A. Pen test the cloud service provider to ensure compliance.
• B. Document the requirements and responsibilities within the customer contract
• C. Interview the cloud security team and ensure compliance.
• D. Examine the cloud provider's certifications and ensure the scope is appropriate.

正解：D

解説：
The most effective way to ensure a vendor is compliant with the agreed-upon cloud service is to examine the cloud provider's certifications and ensure the scope is appropriate. Certifications are independent attestations of the cloud provider's compliance with various standards, regulations, and best practices related to cloud security, privacy, and governance1. They provide assurance to customers that the cloud provider has implemented adequate controls and processes to meet their contractual obligations and expectations2. However, not all certifications are equally relevant or comprehensive, so customers need to verify that the certifications cover the specific cloud service, region, and data type that they are using3. Customers should also review the certification reports or audit evidence to understand the scope, methodology, and results of the assessment4.
The other options are not as effective as examining the cloud provider's certifications. Documenting the requirements and responsibilities within the customer contract is an important step to establish the terms and conditions of the cloud service agreement, but it does not guarantee that the vendor will comply with them5.
Customers need to monitor and verify the vendor's performance and compliance on an ongoing basis.
Interviewing the cloud security team may provide some insights into the vendor's compliance practices, but it may not be sufficient or reliable without independent verification or documentation. Pen testing the cloud service provider may reveal some vulnerabilities or weaknesses in the vendor's security posture, but it may not cover all aspects of compliance or be authorized by the vendor. Pen testing should be done with caution and consent, as it may cause disruption or damage to the cloud service or violate the terms of service.
References:
* Cloud Compliance: What You Need To Know - Linford & Company LLP1, section on Cloud Compliance
* Cloud Services Due Diligence Checklist | Trust Center2, section on Why Microsoft created the Cloud Services Due Diligence Checklist
* The top cloud providers for government | ZDNET3, section on What is FedRAMP?
* Cloud Computing Security Considerations | Cyber.gov.au4, section on Certification
* Cloud Audits and Compliance: What You Need To Know - Linford & Company LLP5, section on Cloud Compliance Management
* Cloud Services Due Diligence Checklist | Trust Center, section on How to use the checklist
* Cloud Computing Security Considerations | Cyber.gov.au, section on Security governance
* The top cloud providers for government | ZDNET, section on Penetration testing
* Penetration Testing in AWS - Amazon Web Services (AWS), section on Introduction

質問 # 42
Which of the following is MOST important to ensure effective cloud application controls are maintained in an organization?

• A. Application team internal review
• B. Third-party vendor involvement
• C. Control self-assessment (CSA)
• D. Exception reporting

正解：D

解説：
Exception reporting is crucial for maintaining effective cloud application controls within an organization. It involves monitoring and reporting deviations from standard operating procedures, which can indicate potential security issues. This proactive approach allows organizations to address vulnerabilities promptly before they can be exploited. Exception reporting is a key component of a robust security posture, as it provides real-time insights into the operational effectiveness of controls and helps maintain compliance with security policies.
References = The importance of exception reporting is highlighted in best practices for cloud security, which emphasize the need for continuous monitoring and immediate response to any anomalies detected in cloud applications

質問 # 43
An auditor wants to get information about the operating effectiveness of controls addressing privacy, availability, and confidentiality of a service organization. Which of the following can BEST help to gain the required information?

• A. ISAE 3402 report
• B. SOC2 Type 2 report
• C. SOC1 Type 1 report
• D. ISO/IEC 27001 certification

正解：B

解説：
A SOC2 Type 2 report can best help an auditor to get information about the operating effectiveness of controls addressing privacy, availability, and confidentiality of a service organization. A SOC2 Type 2 report is an internal control report that examines the security, availability, processing integrity, confidentiality, and privacy of a service organization's system and data over a specified period of time, typically 3-12 months. A SOC2 Type 2 report is based on the AICPA Trust Services Criteria and provides an independent auditor's opinion on the design and operating effectiveness of the service organization's controls. A SOC2 Type 2 report can help an auditor to assess the risks and challenges associated with outsourcing services to a cloud provider and to verify that the provider meets the relevant compliance requirements and industry standards.
12 References := CCAK Study Guide, Chapter 5: Cloud Auditing, page 971; SOC 2 Type II Compliance:
Definition, Requirements, and Why You Need It2

質問 # 44
When using a SaaS solution, who is responsible for application security?

• A. Both cloud consumer and the enterprise
• B. Both cloud provider and the consumer
• C. The cloud service consumer only
• D. The cloud service provider only

正解：D

質問 # 45
Who is accountable for the use of a cloud service?

• A. The cloud service provider
• B. The cloud access security broker (CASB)
• C. The supplier
• D. The organization (client)

正解：D

解説：
Explanation
The organization (client) is accountable for the use of a cloud service. Accountability in cloud computing is the responsibility of cloud service providers and other parties in the cloud ecosystem to protect and properly process the data of their clients and users. However, accountability ultimately rests with the organization (client) that uses the cloud service, as it is the data owner and controller. The organization (client) has to ensure that the cloud service provider and its suppliers meet the agreed-upon service levels, security standards, and regulatory requirements. The organization (client) also has to perform due diligence and oversight on the cloud service provider and its suppliers, as well as to comply with the shared responsibility model, which defines how the security and compliance tasks and obligations are divided between the cloud service provider and the organization (client)123.
The other options are not correct. Option A, the cloud access security broker (CASB), is incorrect because a CASB is a software tool or service that acts as an intermediary between cloud users and cloud service providers, providing visibility, data security, threat protection, and compliance. A CASB does not use the cloud service, but facilitates its secure and compliant use4. Option B, the supplier, is incorrect because a supplier is a third-party entity that provides services or products to the cloud service provider, such as infrastructure, software, hardware, or support. A supplier does not use the cloud service, but supports its delivery5. Option C, the cloud service provider, is incorrect because a cloud service provider is a company that provides cloud computing services to the organization (client). A cloud service provider does not use the cloud service, but offers it to the organization (client)6. References := Accountability Issues in Cloud Computing (5 Step ... - Medium1 Shared responsibility in the \uE000cloud\uE001 - Microsoft Azure2 Who Is Responsible for Cloud Security? - Security Intelligence3 What is CASB? - Cloud Security Alliance4 Cloud Computing: Auditing Challenges - ISACA5 What is Cloud Provider? - Definition from Techopedia

質問 # 46
From a compliance perspective, which of the following artifacts should an assessor review when evaluating the effectiveness of Infrastructure as Code deployments?

• A. logs
• B. SOC reports
• C. Interviews
• D. Evaluation summaries

正解：A

解説：
From a compliance perspective, reviewing logs is crucial when evaluating the effectiveness of Infrastructure as Code (IaC) deployments. Logs provide a detailed record of events, changes, and operations that have occurred within the IaC environment. They are essential for tracking the deployment process, identifying issues, and verifying that the infrastructure has been configured and is operating as intended. Logs can also be used to ensure that the IaC deployments comply with security policies and regulatory requirements, making them a vital artifact for assessors.
References = The importance of logs in assessing IaC deployments is supported by cybersecurity best practices, which recommend the use of logs for auditable records of changes to template files and for tracking resource protection1. Additionally, ISACA's resources on securing IaC highlight the role of logs in providing transparency and enabling infrastructure blueprints to be audited and reviewed for common errors or misconfigurations2.

質問 # 47
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