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Cloud Security Alliance CCZT 認定試験の出題範囲：
| トピック | 出題範囲 |
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| トピック 3 |
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質問 # 20
In a ZTA, what is a key difference between a policy decision point
(PDP) and a policy enforcement point (PEP)?
- A. A PDP measures incoming control plane authentication signals. A
PEP measures incoming data plane authorization signals. - B. A PDP measures incoming signals against a set of access
determination criteria. A PEP uses incoming signals to open or close a
connection. - C. A PDP measures incoming signals and makes dynamic risk
determinations. A PEP uses incoming signals to make static risk
determinations. - D. A PDP measures incoming signals in an untrusted zone. A PEP
measures incoming signals in an implicit trust zone.
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
In a ZTA, a policy decision point (PDP) is a logical component that evaluates the incoming signals from an entity requesting access to a resource against a set of access determination criteria, such as identity, context, device, location, and behavior1. A PDP then makes a decision to grant or deny access, or to request additional information or verification, based on the policies defined by the policy administrator1. A policy enforcement point (PEP) is a logical component that uses the incoming signals from the PDP to open or close a connection between the entity and the resource1. A PEP acts as a gateway or intermediary that enforces the decision made by the PDP and prevents unauthorized or risky access2.
References =
Zero Trust Architecture | NIST
Policy Enforcement Point (PEP) - Pomerium
質問 # 21
What is a server exploitation threat that SDP features (server isolation, single packet authorization [SPA], and dynamic drop-all firewalls) protect against?
- A. Domain name system (DNS) poisoning attacks
- B. Denial of service (DoS)/distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks
- C. Phishing attacks
- D. Certificate forgery attacks
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
SDP features protect against certificate forgery attacks by using identity verification mechanisms that prevent attackers from impersonating servers or users.References = Zero Trust Training (ZTT) - Module 8: Testing and Validation
質問 # 22
Of the following, which option is a prerequisite action to understand the organization's protect surface clearly?
- A. To have the latest risk register for controls implementation
- B. Threat intelligence capability and monitoring
- C. Gap analysis of the organization's threat landscape
- D. Data and asset classification
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
Data and asset classification is a prerequisite action to understand the organization's protect surface clearly because it helps to identify the most critical and sensitive data and assets that need to be protected by Zero Trust principles. Data and asset classification also helps to define the appropriate policies and controls for different levels of data and asset sensitivity.
References = Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) - Cloud Security Alliance, Zero Trust Training (ZTT) - Module 2: Data and Asset Classification
質問 # 23
What measures are needed to detect and stop malicious access
attempts in real-time and prevent damage when using ZTA's
centralized authentication and policy enforcement?
- A. Dynamic firewall policies
- B. Network segregation
- C. Audit logging and monitoring
- D. Dynamic access policies
正解：D
質問 # 24
How can we use ZT to ensure that only legitimate users can access
a SaaS or PaaS? Select the best answer.
- A. Implementing micro-segmentation and mutual Transport Layer
Security (mTLS) - B. Configuring the security assertion markup language (SAML) service
provider only to accept requests from the designated ZT gateway - C. Integrating behavior analysis and geofencing as part of ZT controls
- D. Enforcing multi-factor authentication (MFA) and single-sign on
(SSO)
正解：D
解説：
To ensure that only legitimate users can access Software as a Service (SaaS) or Platform as a Service (PaaS) in a Zero Trust framework, implementing robust authentication mechanisms is crucial. Enforcing Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) and Single Sign-On (SSO) are effective strategies. MFA adds layers of security by requiring users to provide multiple pieces of evidence to verify their identity, making unauthorized access significantly more challenging. SSO simplifies the user experience by allowing users to access multiple services with one set of credentials while maintaining high security standards, particularly when combined with MFA. These measures align with the Zero Trust principle of "never trust, always verify," ensuring that access is granted only after thorough verification of the user's identity.
質問 # 25
Which ZT tenet is based on the notion that malicious actors reside
inside and outside the network?
- A. Assume a hostile environment
- B. Scrutinize explicitly
- C. Assume breach
- D. Requiring continuous monitoring
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
The ZT tenet of assume breach is based on the notion that malicious actors reside inside and outside the network, and that any user, device, or service can be compromised at any time. Therefore, ZT requires continuous verification and validation of all entities and transactions, and does not rely on implicit trust or perimeter-based defenses
質問 # 26
Within the context of risk management, what are the essential
components of an organization's ongoing risk analysis?
- A. Log scoping, log sources, and anomalies
- B. Assessment frequency, metrics, and data
- C. Incident management, change management, and compliance
- D. Gap analysis, security policies, and migration
正解：B
解説：
The essential components of an organization's ongoing risk analysis are assessment frequency, metrics, and data. Assessment frequency refers to how often the organization conducts risk assessments to monitor and measure the effectiveness of the zero trust architecture and policies. Metrics refer to the quantitative and qualitative indicators that are used to evaluate the security posture, performance, and compliance of the zero trust architecture. Data refers to the information that is collected, analyzed, and reported from various sources, such as telemetry, logs, audits, and feedback, to support risk analysis and decision making.
References =
* Zero Trust Planning - Cloud Security Alliance, section "Monitor & Measure"
* How to improve risk management using Zero Trust architecture | Microsoft Security Blog, section
"Monitoring and reporting"
* Zero Trust Adoption: Managing Risk with Cybersecurity Engineering and Adaptive Risk Assessment - SEI Blog, section "Continuous Monitoring and Improvement"
質問 # 27
What does device validation help establish in a ZT deployment?
- A. Unrestricted public access
- B. Trusted connection based on certificate-based keys
- C. High-speed network connectivity
- D. Connection based on user
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
Device validation helps establish a trusted connection based on certificate-based keys in a ZT deployment.
Device validation is the process of verifying the identity and posture of the devices that request access to the protected resources. Device validation relies on the use of certificates, which are digital credentials that bind the device identity to a public key. Certificates are issued by a trusted authority and can be used to authenticate the device and encrypt the communication. Device validation helps to ensure that only healthy and compliant devices can access the resources, and that the connection is secure and confidential.
References =
Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) prepkit, page 15, section 2.2.3 Zero Trust and Windows device health - Windows Security, section "Device health attestation on Windows" Devices and zero trust | Google Cloud Blog, section "In a zero trust environment, every device has to earn trust in order to be granted access."
質問 # 28
To validate the implementation of ZT and ZTA, rigorous testing is essential. This ensures that access controls are functioning correctly and effectively safeguarded against potential threats, while the intended service levels are delivered. Testing of ZT is therefore
- A. providing evidence of continuous improvement
- B. creating an agile culture for rapid deployment of ZT
- C. integrated in the overall cybersecurity program
- D. allowing direct user feedback
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
Testing of ZT is providing evidence of continuous improvement because it helps to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of the ZT and ZTA implementation. Testing of ZT also helps to identify and address any gaps, issues, or risks that may arise during the ZT and ZTA lifecycle. Testing of ZT enables the organization to monitor and evaluate the ZT and ZTA performance and maturity, and to apply feedback and lessons learned to improve the ZT and ZTA processes and outcomes.
References = Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) - Cloud Security Alliance, Zero Trust Training (ZTT) - Module 8: Testing and Validation
質問 # 29
To ensure a successful ZT effort, it is important to
- A. minimize communication with the business units to avoid "scope
creep" - B. keep the effort focused within IT to avoid any distractions
- C. engage stakeholders across the organization and at all levels,
including functional areas - D. engage finance regularly so they understand the effort and do not
cancel the project
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
To ensure a successful ZT effort, it is important to engage stakeholders across the organization and at all levels, including functional areas. This helps to align the ZT vision and goals with the business priorities and needs, gain buy-in and support from the leadership and the users, and foster a culture of collaboration and trust. Engaging stakeholders also enables the identification and mapping of the critical assets, workflows, and dependencies, as well as the communication and feedback mechanisms for the ZT transformation.
References =
Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) prepkit, page 7, section 1.3 Zero Trust Planning - Cloud Security Alliance, section "Scope, Priority, & Business Case" The 'Zero Trust' Model in Cybersecurity: Towards understanding and ..., section "3.1 Ensuring buy-in across the organization with tangible impact"
質問 # 30
ZTA reduces management overhead by applying a consistent
access model throughout the environment for all assets. What can
be said about ZTA models in terms of access decisions?
- A. The traffic of the access workflow must contain all the parameters
for the policy enforcement points. - B. Access revocation data will be passed from the policy decision points to the policy enforcement points.
- C. Each access request is handled just-in-time by the policy decision
points. - D. The traffic of the access workflow must contain all the parameters
for the policy decision points.
正解：C
解説：
ZTA models in terms of access decisions are based on the principle of "never trust, always verify", which means that each access request is handled just-in-time by the policy decision points. The policy decision points are the components in a ZTA that evaluate the policies and the contextual data collected from various sources, such as the user identity, the device posture, the network location, the resource attributes, and the environmental factors, and then generate an access decision. The access decision is communicated to the policy enforcement points, which enforce the decision on the resource. This way, ZTA models apply a consistent access model throughout the environment for all assets, regardless of their location, type, or ownership.
References =
* Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) prepkit, page 14, section 2.2.2
* What Is Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA)? - F5, section "Policy Engine"
* Zero trust security model - Wikipedia, section "What Is Zero Trust Architecture?"
* Zero Trust Maturity Model | CISA, section "Zero trust security model"
質問 # 31
According to NIST, what are the key mechanisms for defining,
managing, and enforcing policies in a ZTA?
- A. Data access policy, public key infrastructure (PKI), and identity and access management (IAM)
- B. Policy decision point (PDP), policy enforcement point (PEP), and
policy information point (PIP) - C. Control plane, data plane, and application plane
- D. Policy engine (PE), policy administrator (PA), and policy broker (PB)
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
According to NIST, the key mechanisms for defining, managing, and enforcing policies in a ZTA are the policy decision point (PDP), the policy enforcement point (PEP), and the policy information point (PIP). The PDP is the component that evaluates the policies and the contextual data collected from various sources and generates an access decision. The PEP isthe component that enforces the access decision on the resource. The PIP is the component that provides the contextual data to the PDP, such as the user identity, the device posture, the network location, the resource attributes, and the environmental factors.
References =
Zero Trust Architecture Project - NIST Computer Security Resource Center, slide 9 What Is Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA)? - F5, section "Policy Engine" Zero Trust Frameworks Architecture Guide - Cisco, page 4, section "Policy Decision Point"
質問 # 32
During the monitoring and analytics phase of ZT transaction flows,
organizations should collect statistics and profile the behavior of
transactions. What does this support in the ZTA?
- A. Creating firewall policies to protect data in motion
- B. The monitoring of relevant data in critical areas
- C. A continuous assessment of all transactions
- D. Feeding transaction logs into a log monitoring engine
正解：C
解説：
During the monitoring and analytics phase of ZT transaction flows, organizations should collect statistics and profile the behavior of transactions to support a continuous assessment of all transactions. A continuous assessment of all transactions means that the organization constantly evaluates the security posture, performance, and compliance of each transaction, and detects and responds to any anomalies, deviations, or threats. A continuous assessment of all transactions helps to maintain a high level of protection and resilience in the ZTA, and enables the organization to adjust and improve the policies and controls accordingly.
References =
* Zero Trust Planning - Cloud Security Alliance, section "Monitor & Measure"
* The role of visibility and analytics in zero trust architectures, section "The basic NIST tenets of this approach include"
* Move to the Zero Trust Security Model - Trailhead, section "Monitor and Maintain Your Environment"
質問 # 33
To successfully implement ZT security, two crucial processes must
be planned and aligned with existing access procedures that the ZT
implementation might impact. What are these two processes?
- A. Vulnerability disclosure and patching management
- B. Business continuity planning (BCP) and disaster recovery (DR)
- C. Incident and response management
- D. Training and awareness programs
正解：C
解説：
For a successful implementation of Zero Trust security, planning and aligning incident and response management processes with existing access procedures are crucial. These processes ensure that the organization is prepared to effectively respond to security incidents and breaches, minimizing potential impacts. Aligning these processes with Zero Trust principles enhances the organization's resilience and ability to quickly adapt to threats, maintaining the integrity and availability of its systems and data.
質問 # 34
Which of the following is a key principle of ZT and is required for its implementation?
- A. Implementing strong anti-phishing email filters
- B. Requiring that authentication and explicit authorization must occur after network access has been granted
- C. Encrypting all communications between any two endpoints
- D. Making no assumptions about an entity's trustworthiness when it
requests access to a resource
正解：D
解説：
One of the core principles of Zero Trust (ZT) is to "never trust, always verify" every request for access to a resource, regardless of where it originates or what resource it accesses1. This means that ZT does not rely on implicit trust based on network perimeters, device types, or user roles, but rather on explicit verification based on multiple data points, such as user identity, device health, location, service, data classification, and anomalies1.
References =
* Zero Trust Architecture | NIST
* Zero Trust Model - Modern Security Architecture | Microsoft Security
* How To Implement Zero Trust: 5-steps Approach & its challenges - Fortinet
質問 # 35
To ensure an acceptable user experience when implementing SDP, a
security architect should collaborate with IT to do what?
- A. Advise IT stakeholders that the security team will fully manage all
aspects of the SDP rollout. - B. Model and plan the user experience, client software distribution,
and device onboarding processes. - C. Build the business case for SDP, based on cost modeling and
business value. - D. Plan to release SDP as part of a single major change or a "big-bang" implementation.
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
To ensure an acceptable user experience when implementing SDP, a security architect should collaborate with IT to model and plan the user experience, client software distribution, and device onboarding processes. This is because SDP requires users to install and use client software to access the protected resources, and the user experience may vary depending on the device type, operating system, network conditions, and security policies. By modeling and planning the user experience, the security architect and IT can ensure that the SDP implementation is user-friendly, consistent, and secure.
References = Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) - Cloud Security Alliance, Zero Trust Training (ZTT) - Module 7: Network Infrastructure and SDP
質問 # 36
Of the following, which option is a prerequisite action to understand the organization's protect surface clearly?
- A. To have the latest risk register for controls implementation
- B. Threat intelligence capability and monitoring
- C. Gap analysis of the organization's threat landscape
- D. Data and asset classification
正解：D
解説：
Data and asset classification is a prerequisite action to understand the organization's protect surface clearly because it helps to identify the most critical and sensitive data and assets that need to be protected by Zero Trust principles. Data and asset classification also helps to define the appropriate policies and controls for different levels of data and asset sensitivity.
References = Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) - Cloud Security Alliance, Zero Trust Training (ZTT) - Module 2: Data and Asset Classification
質問 # 37
ZT project implementation requires prioritization as part of the
overall ZT project planning activities. One area to consider is______
Select the best answer.
- A. prioritization based on milestones
- B. prioritization based on budget
- C. prioritization based on risks
- D. prioritization based on management support
正解：C
解説：
ZT project implementation requires prioritization as part of the overall ZT project planning activities. One area to consider is prioritization based on risks, which means that the organization should identify and assess the potential threats, vulnerabilities, and impacts that could affect its assets, operations, and reputation, and prioritize the ZT initiatives that address the most critical and urgent risks. Prioritization based on risks helps to align the ZT project with the business objectives and needs, and optimize the use of resources and time.
References =
* Zero Trust Planning - Cloud Security Alliance, section "Scope, Priority, & Business Case"
* The Zero Trust Journey: 4 Phases of Implementation - SEI Blog, section "Second Phase: Assess"
* Planning for a Zero Trust Architecture: A Planning Guide for Federal ..., section "Gap Analysis"
質問 # 38
Optimal compliance posture is mainly achieved through two key ZT
features:_____ and_____
- A. (1) Discovery (2) Mapping access controls and network assets
- B. (1) Never trusting (2) Reducing the attack surface
- C. (1) Authentication (2) Authorization of all networked assets
- D. (1) Principle of least privilege (2) Verifying remote access
connections
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
Optimal compliance posture is mainly achieved through two key ZT features: never trusting and reducing the attack surface. Never trusting means that no entity or resource is assumed to be trustworthy or secure by default, and that every request for access or transaction is verified and validated before granting access or allowing the transaction. Reducing the attack surface means that the exposure and vulnerability of the assets and resources are minimized by implementing granular and dynamic policies, controls, and segmentation.
These two features help to ensure that the organization complies with the security standards and regulations, and that the risks of breaches and incidents are reduced.
References = Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) - Cloud Security Alliance, Zero Trust Training (ZTT) - Module 1: Strategy and Governance
質問 # 39
ZTA reduces management overhead by applying a consistent
access model throughout the environment for all assets. What can
be said about ZTA models in terms of access decisions?
- A. The traffic of the access workflow must contain all the parameters
for the policy enforcement points. - B. Access revocation data will be passed from the policy decision
points to the policy enforcement points. - C. Each access request is handled just-in-time by the policy decision
points. - D. The traffic of the access workflow must contain all the parameters
for the policy decision points.
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
ZTA models in terms of access decisions are based on the principle of "never trust, always verify", which means that each access request is handled just-in-time by the policy decision points. The policy decision points are the components in a ZTA that evaluate the policies and the contextual data collected from various sources, such as the user identity, the device posture, the network location, the resource attributes, and the environmental factors, and then generate an access decision. The access decision is communicated to the policy enforcement points, which enforce the decision on the resource. This way, ZTA models apply a consistent access model throughout the environment for all assets, regardless of their location, type, or ownership.
References =
Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) prepkit, page 14, section 2.2.2 What Is Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA)? - F5, section "Policy Engine" Zero trust security model - Wikipedia, section "What Is Zero Trust Architecture?" Zero Trust Maturity Model | CISA, section "Zero trust security model"
質問 # 40
What steps should organizations take to strengthen access
requirements and protect their resources from unauthorized access
by potential cyber threats?
- A. Update controls for assets impacted by ZT
- B. Implement user-based certificates for authentication
- C. Identify the relevant architecture capabilities and components that
could impact ZT - D. Understand and identify the data and assets that need to be
protected
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
The first step that organizations should take to strengthen access requirements and protect their resources from unauthorized access by potential cyber threats is to understand and identify the data and assets that need to be protected. This step involves conducting a data and asset inventory and classification, which helps to determine the value, sensitivity, ownership, and location of the data and assets. By understanding and identifying the dataand assets that need to be protected, organizations can define the appropriate access policies and controls based on the Zero Trust principles of never trust, always verify, and assume breach.
References = Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) - Cloud Security Alliance, Zero Trust Training (ZTT) - Module 2: Data and Asset Classification
質問 # 41
To ensure an acceptable user experience when implementing SDP, a
security architect should collaborate with IT to do what?
- A. Advise IT stakeholders that the security team will fully manage all aspects of the SDP rollout.
- B. Model and plan the user experience, client software distribution,
and device onboarding processes. - C. Build the business case for SDP, based on cost modeling and
business value. - D. Plan to release SDP as part of a single major change or a "big-bang" implementation.
正解：B
解説：
To ensure an acceptable user experience when implementing SDP, a security architect should collaborate with IT to model and plan the user experience, client software distribution, and device onboarding processes. This is because SDP requires users to install and use client software to access the protected resources, and the user experience may vary depending on the device type, operating system, network conditions, and security policies. By modeling and planning the user experience, the security architect and IT can ensure that the SDP implementation is user-friendly, consistent, and secure.
References = Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) - Cloud Security Alliance, Zero Trust Training (ZTT) - Module 7: Network Infrastructure and SDP
質問 # 42
What should be a key component of any ZT project, especially
during implementation and adjustments?
- A. Frequent technology changes
- B. Frequent policy audits
- C. Proper risk management
- D. Extensive task monitoring
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
Proper risk management should be a key component of any ZT project, especially during implementation and adjustments, because it helps to identify, analyze, evaluate, and treat the potential risks that may affect the ZT and ZTA objectives and outcomes. Proper risk management also helps to prioritize the ZT and ZTA activities and resources based on the risk level and impact, and to monitor and review the risk mitigation strategies and actions.
References = Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) - Cloud Security Alliance, Zero Trust Training (ZTT) - Module 9: Risk Management
質問 # 43
What does device validation help establish in a ZT deployment?
- A. Unrestricted public access
- B. Trusted connection based on certificate-based keys
- C. High-speed network connectivity
- D. Connection based on user
正解：B
解説：
Device validation helps establish a trusted connection based on certificate-based keys in a ZT deployment.
Device validation is the process of verifying the identity and posture of the devices that request access to the protected resources. Device validation relies on the use of certificates, which are digital credentials that bind the device identity to a public key. Certificates are issued by a trusted authority and can be used to authenticate the device and encrypt the communication. Device validation helps to ensure that only healthy and compliant devices can access the resources, and that the connection is secure and confidential.
References =
* Certificate of Competence in Zero Trust (CCZT) prepkit, page 15, section 2.2.3
* Zero Trust and Windows device health - Windows Security, section "Device health attestation on Windows"
* Devices and zero trust | Google Cloud Blog, section "In a zero trust environment, every device has to earn trust in order to be granted access."
質問 # 44
Which activity of the ZT implementation preparation phase ensures
the resiliency of the organization's operations in the event of
disruption?
- A. Compliance
- B. Business continuity and disaster recovery
- C. Change management process
- D. Visibility and analytics
正解：B
解説：
Business continuity and disaster recovery are the activities of the ZT implementation preparation phase that ensure the resiliency of the organization's operations in the event of disruption. Business continuity refers to the process of maintaining or restoring the essential functions of the organization during and after a crisis, such as a natural disaster, a cyberattack, or a pandemic. Disaster recovery refers to the process of recovering the IT systems, data, and infrastructure that support the business continuity. ZT implementation requires planning and testing the business continuity and disaster recovery strategies and procedures, as well as aligning them with the ZT policies and controls.
References =
* Zero Trust Planning - Cloud Security Alliance, section "Monitor & Measure"
* Zero Trust architecture: a paradigm shift in cybersecurity - PwC, section "Continuous monitoring and improvement"
* Zero Trust Implementation, section "Outline Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) implementation steps"
質問 # 45
......
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