[2023年12月16日]1z0-1122-23テスト準備できるトレーニング練習テスト試験問題
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質問 # 11
Which capability is supported by the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vision service?
- A. Analyzing historical data for unusual patterns
- B. Detecting and classifying objects in images
- C. Generating realistic Images from text
- D. Detecting and preventing fraud in financial transactions
正解：B
解説：
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Vision is a serverless, multi-tenant service, accessible using the Console, or over REST APIs. You can upload images to detect and classify objects in them. If you have lots of images, you can process them in batch using asynchronous API endpoints. Vision's features are thematically split between Document AI for document-centric images, and Image Analysis for object and scene-based images. Image Analysis supports both pretrained and custom models for object detection and image classification3. Reference: Vision - Oracle
質問 # 12
In machine learning, what does the term "model training" mean?
- A. Writing code for the entire program
- B. Performing data analysis on collected and labeled data
- C. Establishing a relationship between Input features and output
- D. Analyzing the accuracy of a trained model
正解：C
解説：
Model training is the process of finding the optimal values for the model parameters that minimize the error between the model predictions and the actual output. This is done by using a learning algorithm that iteratively updates the parameters based on the input features and the output1. Reference: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Documentation
質問 # 13
What is "in-context learning" in the realm of large Language Models (LLMs)?
- A. Training a model on a diverse range of tasks
- B. Providing a few examples of a target task via the input prompt
- C. Teaching a mode! through zero-shot learning
- D. Modifying the behavior of a pretrained LLM permanently
正解：B
解説：
In-context learning is a technique that leverages the ability of large language models to learn from a few input-output examples provided in the input prompt. By conditioning on these examples, the model can infer the task and the format of the desired output, and generate a suitable response. In-context learning does not require any additional training or fine-tuning of the model, and can be used for various tasks such as text summarization, question answering, text generation, and more45. In-context learning is also known as few-shot learning or prompt-based learning. Reference: [2307.12375] In-Context Learning in Large Language Models Learns Label ...](https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.12375), [2307.07164] Learning to Retrieve In-Context Examples for Large Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.07164)
質問 # 14
Which NVIDIA GPU is offered by Oracle Cloud Infrastructure?
- A. T4
- B. K80
- C. P200
- D. A100
正解：D
解説：
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure offers NVIDIA A100 Tensor Core GPUs as one of the GPU options for its compute instances. The NVIDIA A100 GPU is a powerful and versatile GPU that can accelerate a wide range of AI and HPC workloads. The A100 GPU delivers up to 20x higher performance than the previous generation V100 GPU and supports features such as multi-instance GPU, automatic mixed precision, and sparsity acceleration12. The OCI Compute bare-metal BM.GPU4.8 instance offers eight 40GB NVIDIA A100 GPUs linked via high-speed NVIDIA NVLink direct GPU-to-GPU interconnects3. This instance is ideal for training large language models, computer vision models, and other complex AI tasks. Reference: Accelerated Computing and Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) - NVIDIA, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Offers New NVIDIA GPU-Accelerated Compute ..., GPU, Virtual Machines and Bare Metal | Oracle
質問 # 15
Which AI domain is associated with tasks such as identifying the sentiment of text and translating text between languages?
- A. Natural Language Processing
- B. Speech Processing
- C. Computer Vision
- D. Anomaly Detection
正解：A
解説：
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is an AI domain that is associated with tasks such as identifying the sentiment of text and translating text between languages. NLP is an interdisciplinary field that combines computer science, linguistics, and artificial intelligence to enable computers to process and understand natural language data, such as text or speech. NLP involves various techniques and applications, such as:
Text analysis: Extracting meaningful information from text data, such as keywords, entities, topics, sentiments, emotions, etc.
Text generation: Producing natural language text from structured or unstructured data, such as summaries, captions, headlines, stories, etc.
Machine translation: Translating text or speech from one language to another automatically and accurately.
Question answering: Retrieving relevant answers to natural language questions from a knowledge base or a document collection.
Speech recognition: Converting speech signals into text or commands.
Speech synthesis: Converting text into speech signals with natural sounding voices.
Natural language understanding: Interpreting the meaning and intent of natural language inputs and generating appropriate responses.
Natural language generation: Creating natural language outputs that are coherent, fluent, and relevant to the context. Reference: : What is Natural Language Processing? | IBM, Natural language processing - Wikipedia
質問 # 16
Which AI domain is associated with tasks such as recognizing forces in images and classifying objects?
- A. Natural Language Processing
- B. Computer Vision
- C. Speech Processing
- D. Anomaly Detection
正解：B
解説：
Computer Vision is an AI domain that is associated with tasks such as recognizing faces in images and classifying objects. Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence that enables computers and systems to derive meaningful information from digital images, videos, and other visual inputs, and to take actions or make recommendations based on that information. Computer vision works by applying machine learning and deep learning models to visual data, such as pixels, colors, shapes, textures, etc., and extracting features and patterns that can be used for various purposes. Some of the common techniques and applications of computer vision are:
Face recognition: Identifying or verifying the identity of a person based on their facial features.
Object detection: Locating and labeling objects of interest in an image or a video.
Object recognition: Classifying objects into predefined categories, such as animals, vehicles, fruits, etc.
Scene understanding: Analyzing the context and semantics of a visual scene, such as the location, time, weather, activity, etc.
Image segmentation: Partitioning an image into multiple regions that share similar characteristics, such as color, texture, shape, etc.
Image enhancement: Improving the quality or appearance of an image by applying filters, transformations, or corrections.
Image generation: Creating realistic or stylized images from scratch or based on some input data, such as sketches, captions, or attributes. Reference: : What is Computer Vision? | IBM, Computer vision - Wikipedia
質問 # 17
What is the primary purpose of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)?
- A. Creating music compositions
- B. Generating Images
- C. Detecting patterns in images
- D. Processing sequential data
正解：C
解説：
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are a type of deep learning algorithm that is particularly well-suited for image recognition and processing tasks. They are made up of multiple layers, including convolutional layers, pooling layers, and fully connected layers. The convolutional layer is the core building block of a CNN, and it is where the majority of computation occurs. It requires a few components, which are input data, a filter, and a feature map. The filter is a small matrix of weights that slides over the input data and performs element-wise multiplication and summation, resulting in a feature map that represents the activation of a certain feature in the input. By applying multiple filters, the CNN can detect different patterns in the image, such as edges, shapes, colors, textures, etc. The pooling layer is used to reduce the spatial dimensionality of the feature maps, while preserving the most important information. The fully connected layer is the final layer of a CNN, and it is where the classification or regression task is performed based on the extracted features. CNNs can learn to detect complex patterns in images by adjusting their weights during training using backpropagation and gradient descent algorithms. Reference: : Convolutional neural network - Wikipedia, What are Convolutional Neural Networks? | IBM, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in Machine Learning
質問 # 18
What is the difference between Large Language Models (LLMs) and traditional machine learning models?
- A. LLMs require labeled output for training.
- B. LLMs have a limited number of parameters compared to other models.
- C. LLMs are specifically designed for natural language processing and understanding.
- D. LLMs focus on image recognition tasks.
正解：C
解説：
Large language models (LLMs) are a class of deep learning models that can recognize and generate natural language, among other tasks. LLMs are trained on huge sets of text data, learning grammar, semantics, and context. LLMs use the Transformer architecture, which relies on self-attention to process and understand the input and output sequences. LLMs can perform various natural language processing and understanding tasks based on the input provided, such as text summarization, question answering, text generation, and more34. Traditional machine learning models, on the other hand, are usually trained with specific statistical algorithms that deliver pre-defined outcomes. They often require labeled data and feature engineering, and they are not as flexible and adaptable as LLMs5. Reference: What are LLMs, and how are they used in generative AI?, An Introduction to LLMOps: Operationalizing and Managing Large Language Models using Azure ML, An Introduction to Large Language Models (LLMs): How It Got ... - Labellerr
質問 # 19
How is "Prompt Engineering" different from "Fine-tuning" in the context of Large Language Models (LLMs)?
- A. Guides the model's response using predefined prompts
- B. Customizes the model architecture
- C. Trains a model from scratch
- D. Involves post-processing model outputs and optimizing hyper parameters
正解：A
解説：
Prompt engineering is the art of designing natural language instructions or queries that can elicit the desired response from a large language model. Prompt engineering does not modify the model parameters or architecture, but rather relies on the model's existing knowledge and capabilities. Prompt engineering can be used to perform various tasks such as text generation, sentiment analysis, and code completion, by providing the model with the appropriate context, format, and constraints67. Prompt engineering is also known as zero-shot learning or query-based learning. Reference: [2211.01910] Large Language Models Are Human-Level Prompt Engineers](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.01910), A developer's guide to prompt engineering and LLMs - The GitHub Blog
質問 # 20
What is the primary goal of machine learning?
- A. Explicitly programming computers
- B. Improving computer hardware
- C. Enabling computers to learn and improve from experience
- D. Creating algorithms to solve complex problems
正解：C
解説：
Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that enables computers to learn from data and experience without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning algorithms can adapt to new data and situations and improve their performance over time2. Reference: Artificial Intelligence (AI) | Oracle
質問 # 21
How do Large Language Models (LLMs) handle the trade-off between model size, data quality, data size and performance?
- A. They focus on increasing the number of tokens while keeping the model size constant.
- B. They disregard model size and prioritize high-quality data only.
- C. They prioritize larger model sizes to achieve better performance.
- D. They ensure that the model size, training time, and data size are balanced for optimal results.
正解：C
解説：
Large language models are trained on massive amounts of data to capture the complexity and diversity of natural language. Larger model sizes mean more parameters, which enable the model to learn more patterns and nuances from the data. Larger models also tend to generalize better to new tasks and domains. However, larger models also require more computational resources, data quality, and data size to train and deploy. Therefore, large language models handle the trade-off by prioritizing larger model sizes to achieve better performance, while using various techniques to optimize the training and inference efficiency4. Reference: Artificial Intelligence (AI) | Oracle
質問 # 22
Which is an application of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) in the context of Generative AI?
- A. Generation of labeled outputs for training
- B. Prediction of continuous values from Input data
- C. Creation of realistic images that resemble training data
- D. Classification of data points into categories
正解：C
解説：
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are a type of AI model that can generate realistic images that resemble training data. The architecture of a GAN consists of two separate neural networks that are pitted against each other in a game-like scenario. The first network, known as the generator network, tries to create fake data that looks real. The second network, known as the discriminator network, tries to distinguish between real and fake data. The generator network learns from the feedback of the discriminator network and tries to fool it by improving the quality of the fake data. The discriminator network also learns from the feedback of the generator network and tries to improve its accuracy. The process continues until the generator network produces data that is indistinguishable from the real data4. GANs can be used to create realistic images of faces, animals, landscapes, and more5. Reference: Generative models - OpenAI, Artificial Intelligence Explained: What Are Generative Adversarial ...
質問 # 23
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