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質問 # 10
In an Ericsson Router 6000, which command is used to begin making changes to the router settings?
- A. configure
- B. capabilities
- C. commit
- D. set metric
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The command that is used to begin making changes to the router settings in an Ericsson Router 6000 is configure. This command enters the configuration mode, where various commands can be used to modify the router parameters, such as interfaces, protocols, services, security, etc. To exit the configuration mode, the command end can be used. To save the changes made in the configuration mode, the command commit can be used56.
References: Router 6000 Series - Ericsson, Ericsson Router 6000 series (6471/6672/6675) Commands for
2G/3G/4G/5G technologies... - YouTube
質問 # 11
Which two statements are correct for LDP? (Choose two.)
- A. LSRs send UDP hello messages for neighbor discovery.
- B. LSRs send ICMP hello messages for neighbor discovery
- C. LSRs use TCP to negotiate LDP session parameters.
- D. LSRs use UDP for session establishment.
正解：A、C
解説：
Explanation
Two statements that are correct for LDP are:
LSRs send UDP hello messages for neighbor discovery. LDP is a protocol that distributes labels for MPLS forwarding along the shortest path calculated by an IGP. LDP uses two types of messages:
discovery messages and session messages. Discovery messages are used to discover and maintain adjacency with other LSRs that support LDP. Discovery messages are sent as UDP datagrams to the well-known multicast address 224.0.0.2 (all routers on this subnet) on port 64634.
LSRs use TCP to negotiate LDP session parameters. Session messages are used to establish, maintain, and terminate LDP sessions between LSRs. Session messages are also used to exchange label mappings, notification messages, and keepalive messages. Session messages are sent as TCP segments to port
64634.
References: Ldp | Microsoft Learn, Label Distribution Protocol - Wikipedia
質問 # 12
Which two protocols apply to both IPv4 and IPv6? (Choose two.)
- A. MD
- B. DNS
- C. SNMP
- D. ARP
正解：B、C
解説：
Explanation
Two protocols that apply to both IPv4 and IPv6 are:
SNMP: This stands for Simple Network Management Protocol, which is a protocol that allows network administrators to monitor and manage network devices such as routers, switches, servers, printers, etc.
SNMP uses a client-server model, where an SNMP manager (client) can query or configure an SNMP agent (server) on a network device using SNMP messages. SNMP can operate over both IPv4 and IPv6 networks56.
DNS: This stands for Domain Name System, which is a protocol that translates human-readable domain names (such as www.example.com) into numerical IPaddresses (such as 192.0.2.1 or 2001:db8::1) that identify network devices. DNS uses a hierarchical distributed database of name servers that store and resolve domain names and IP addresses. DNS can support both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses78.
References: Simple Network Management Protocol - Wikipedia, SNMP over IPv6 - Cisco, Domain Name System - Wikipedia, DNS for IPv6 - Cisco
質問 # 13
What is the purpose of penultimate hop popping?
- A. to reduce the load on the LER
- B. to reduce the load on the LSR
- C. to reduce the load on the LDP
- D. to reduce the load on the LSP
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
Penultimate hop popping (PHP) is a function performed by certain routers in an MPLS enabled network. It refers to the process whereby the outermost label of an MPLS tagged packet is removed by a label switch router (LSR) before the packet is passed to an adjacent label edge router (LER). The purpose of PHP is to reduce the load on the LER, as it saves one cycle of label lookup. The LER can forward the packet based on its IP header or another label in the stack, without having to process the outer label. PHPfunctionality is achieved by the LER advertising a label with a value of 3 to its neighbors. This label is defined as "implicit-null" and informs the neighboring LSRs to perform PHP12.
References: Penultimate hop popping - Wikipedia, MPLS Penultimate hop popping - NetworkLessons.com
質問 # 14
What is the correct ordering (outer to inner) of packet headers in an IP/MPLS packet?
- A. IP, MPLS, Ethernet
- B. Ethernet, MPLS, IP
- C. MPLS, IP, Ethernet
- D. Ethernet, IP, MPLS
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
The correct ordering (outer to inner) of packet headers in an IP/MPLS packet is Ethernet, MPLS, IP. An IP/MPLS packet is a packet that is encapsulated with an MPLS label stack between the Ethernet header and the IP header. The Ethernet header contains the source and destination MAC addresses and the EtherType field that indicates the type of the payload. The MPLS label stack contains one or more labels that are used for forwarding decisions by the MPLS routers. Each label consists of four fields: label value, experimental bits, bottom of stack, and time to live. The IP header contains the source and destination IP addresses and other information for routing and fragmentation. The order of the headers is important because it determines how the packet is processed by different devices in the network12.
References: MPLS Label Stack - Cisco, MPLS Fundamentals: 3 - MPLS Packet Forwarding
質問 # 15
Regarding the BGP decision algorithm, which two statements are correct? (Choose two.)
- A. The most important criteria is the administrative distance.
- B. A path cannot be considered if the next-hop is inaccessible.
- C. A lower local-preference attribute will be favored over a higher local-preference attribute.
- D. A higher local-preference attribute will be favored over a lower local-preference attribute.
正解：B、D
解説：
Explanation
Regarding the BGP decision algorithm, two statements that are correct are:
A higher local-preference attribute will be favored over a lower local-preference attribute. The local-preference attribute is used by BGP routers within an AS to indicate their preference for an exit point from the AS. A higher value means a more preferred path. The local-preference attribute is exchanged only between iBGP peers and does not leave the AS boundary89.
A path cannot be considered if the next-hop is inaccessible. The next-hop attribute is used by BGP routers to determine where to forward packets for a given destination prefix. The next-hop attribute is usually set to the IP address of the eBGP neighbor that advertises the prefix. If there is no IGP route to reach the next-hop address, the path is marked as invalid and ignored by BGP1011.
The other two statements are incorrect because:
The most important criteria is not the administrative distance, but rather the weight attribute. The administrative distance is used by routers to choose between routes from different routing protocols, not within BGP. The weight attribute is a Cisco-specific attribute that is used by BGP routers to prefer one path over another within the same router. The weight attribute is local to the router and not advertised to any peers1213.
A lower local-preference attribute will not be favored over a higher local-preference attribute, as explained above.
References: BGP Best Path Selection Algorithm - Cisco, Understanding BGP Local Preference Attribute - NetworkLessons.com, BGP Next Hop Attribute Explained - NetworkLessons.com, BGP Next Hop Processing
- Cisco Press, BGP Weight Attribute Explained - NetworkLessons.com, Understanding BGP Weight Attribute
- Cisco Community
質問 # 16
Which operating system is used in Ericsson Router 6000 products?
- A. IPOS
- B. ERS
- C. SE-OS
- D. Junos
- E. ERS
正解：E
解説：
Explanation
The operating system used in Ericsson Router 6000 products is ERS (Ericsson Router Software). ERS is based on IPOS (IP Operating System), which is a common operating system for Ericsson's IP portfolio. ERS provides advanced features and functionality for IP transport, such as MPLS, Segment Routing, QoS, IPSec, synchronization, SDN, and more. ERS also supports seamless integration with Ericsson Radio System and Ericsson Network Manager.
References: Router 6000 Series - Ericsson, Router 6675 Datasheet - Winncom
質問 # 17
Which two statements are true regarding the LSP? (Choose two.)
- A. The LSP refers to a sequence of routers that add. remove, or change label values along the path.
- B. The LSP refers to a specific label assigned to a packet by the LSR for a destination.
- C. The LSP refers to a sequence of routers that add, remove, or change label values based on the destination MAC address.
- D. The LSP refers to a sequence of routers that forward the MPLS packet based on labels.
正解：A、D
解説：
Explanation
Two statements that are true regarding the LSP are:
The LSP refers to a sequence of routers that forward the MPLS packet based on labels. An LSP is a Label Switched Path, which is a path through an MPLS network that is established by signaling protocols such as LDP or RSVP-TE. An LSP consists of a sequence of routers (called Label Switching Routers or LSRs) that forward packets based on labels rather than IP addresses. Labels are short fixed-length identifiers that are attached to packets at the ingress router and removed at the egress router. Labels can be swapped or popped at intermediate routers according to their label forwarding tables78.
The LSP refers to a sequence of routers that add, remove, or change label values along the path. As mentioned above, an LSP consists of a sequence of routers that forward packets based on labels. Along the path, different routers may perform different operations on the labels depending on their role and configuration. The ingress router adds one or more labels to the packet before sending it into the MPLS network. The egress router removes all labels from the packet before sending it out of the MPLS network. The intermediate routers may swap one label with another label according to their label forwarding tables. This process is called label switching78.
References: MPLS Fundamentals: 3 - MPLS Packet Forwarding, Multiprotocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
質問 # 18
How do peers recognize each other's ability to use MP-BGP extensions?
- A. They advertise the ability using the capabilities field in the End-of-RIB marker.
- B. They advertise the ability using the capabilities field in the update packet.
- C. They advertise the ability using the capabilities field during the session establishment.
- D. They advertise the ability using the capabilities field in the hello packet.
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
Peers recognize each other's ability to use MP-BGP extensions by advertising the ability using the capabilities field during the session establishment. MP-BGP is an extension to BGP that allows BGP to carry routing information for multiple network layer protocols, such as IPv6, VPNv4, multicast, etc. To support MP-BGP, peers need to exchange their capabilities during the session establishment phase, which consists of three steps:
open, keepalive, and update. In the open message, peers can include an optional parameter called capabilities, which indicates what kind of address families and subsequent address families they can support. If both peers agree on a common set of capabilities, they can proceed to exchange routing information for those address families using update messages56.
References: Use of MP-BGP Extensions for IPv6 Interdomain Routing, MP-EBGP Configuration Example - Cisco
質問 # 19
A network operator wants to make sure voice data is prioritized.
In this scenario, to which Ethernet traffic class should it be assigned.
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
A network operator who wants to make sure voice data is prioritized should assign it to Ethernet traffic class 6.
Ethernet traffic class is a term used to refer to the priority code point (PCP) field in the VLAN header of an Ethernet frame. The PCP field is a 3-bit field that can encode up to eight different priority levels, ranging from
0 (lowest) to 7 (highest). The PCP values can be mapped to different types of traffic according to their QoS requirements. The recommended mapping is as follows :
PCP 0: Best effort (default)
PCP 1: Background
PCP 2: Spare
PCP 3: Excellent effort
PCP 4: Controlled load
PCP 5: Video
PCP 6: Voice
PCP 7: Network control
Voice data is a type of real-time traffic that requires the highest priority and lowest delay in the network.
Therefore, it should be assigned to PCP 6, which corresponds to Ethernet traffic class 6 .
References: [IEEE 802.1Q - Wikipedia], [What is "link aggregation" and how does it benefit your network? | PC Gamer]
質問 # 20
Which action will influence BGP route selection within your AS?
- A. changing the administrative distance for eBGP
- B. changing the default value of the local preference
- C. changing the default link metric
- D. reducing number of hops in the network
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
The action that will influence BGP route selection within your AS is changing the default value of the local preference attribute. The local preference attribute is used to indicate the preference of a path among multiple paths learned from different external BGP neighbors or autonomous systems (ASes). The higher the local preference value, the more preferred the path is within your AS, and vice versa. The default value of local preference is 100, but you can change it using route maps or other configuration methods on your BGP routers. References: Ericsson IP Networking - Routing Protocols, BGP Attributes and Path Selection, BGP Local Preference Attribute: Controlling Traffic Like a Pro
質問 # 21
Which network is reserved as a private network according to RFC1918?
- A. 172.16.1.0/9
- B. 193.168.1.0/24
- C. 172.15.1.0/24
- D. 10.254.1.0/24
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
According to RFC1918, there are three network blocks reserved as private networks that are not allocated to any specific organization and are not routable on the public Internet. These are:
10.0.0.0/8 (10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255)
172.16.0.0/12 (172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255)
192.168.0.0/16 (192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255)
Out of these, only option B (10.254.1.0/24) falls within one of the private network blocks (10.0.0.0/8). Option A (172.16.1.0/9) is not valid because it exceeds the /12 prefix length of the private network block (172.16.0.0/12). Option C (193.168.1.0/24) is not valid because it does not belong to any of the private network blocks, and is actually assigned to RIPE NCC as a public network block . Option D (172.15.1.0/24) is also not valid because it does not belong to any of the private network blocks, and is actually assigned to ARIN as a public network block . References: RFC 1918: Address Allocation for Private Internets, Private network - Wikipedia, [RIPE NCC IPv4 Address Space Chart], [ARIN WHOIS Database Search]
質問 # 22
Which mismatched field would cause an IS-IS adjacency between two routers to fail?
- A. SysID
- B. SEL
- C. MTU
- D. Context
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
MTU mismatch would cause an IS-IS adjacency between two routers to fail. MTU stands for maximum transmission unit, which is the maximum size of a packet that can be transmitted on a link. IS-IS hellos are padded to the full MTU size, partly to allow a router to implicitly communicate its MTU to its neighbors. If two routers have different MTUs on their interfaces, they will not be able to exchange hellos properly, and their adjacency will not form or will be dropped34. To solve this problem, the MTUs on both interfaces must be configured to match.
SEL, context, and SysID are not fields that would cause an IS-IS adjacency failure. SEL stands for selector, which is a one-octet field that identifies the network layer service to which a packet should be sent. For IS-IS routers, the SEL must always be 005. Context is not a field in IS-IS packets, but rather a term used to describe the scope of routing information in different levels or areas6. SysID stands for system identifier, which is a six-octet field that uniquely identifies a router within an area. SysID does not have to match between two routers for them to form an adjacency7.
References: MTU Mismatch Problem in IS-IS - Cisco, IS-IS adjacency is not formed due to MTU mismatch - Cisco Community, IS-IS NSAP address - Cisco Community, Understanding IS-IS Routing Contexts - Juniper Networks, IS-IS - Nokia
質問 # 23
Which conceptual table created by routing protocols is used when processing an IP packet?
- A. label information base
- B. forwarding information base
- C. traffic engineering data base
- D. management information base
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
The conceptual table created by routing protocols that is used when processing an IP packet is the forwarding information base (FIB). The FIB is a table that contains the bestroutes to reach each destination network prefix, along with the outgoing interface and the next-hop address for each route. The FIB is derived from the routing information base (RIB), which is a table that contains all the routes learned from different routing protocols and sources. The FIB is used by the router to make fast forwarding decisions for each incoming packet, based on its destination address12.
References: Security Hardening Checklist Guide for Cisco Routers/Switches in 10 Steps, VLAN - Wikipedia
質問 # 24
Which two features does IPsec provide? (Choose two.)
- A. hiding the content of packets from observation
- B. protecting packets from modification
- C. controlling the path through the network
- D. protecting the length of packets from discovery
正解：A、B
解説：
Explanation
IPsec provides two main features: protecting packets from modification and hiding the content of packets from observation. IPsec protects packets from modification by using cryptographic algorithms to generate and verify message authentication codes (MACs) or digital signatures for each packet. These mechanisms ensure that the packets have not been tampered with or altered in transit by unauthorized parties. IPsec hides the content of packets from observation by using encryption algorithms to scramble the payload of each packet. This prevents eavesdroppers or interceptors from reading or analyzing the data carried by the packets12.
References: What is IPsec? | How IPsec VPNs work | Cloudflare, IPsec - Wikipedia
質問 # 25
What is the correct abbreviation for the IP address: BFEA:DACA:0000:0000:9390:0000:0000:D91?
- A. BFEA:DACA::9390:0:D91
- B. BFEA:DACA::9390::D91
- C. BFEA:DACA::9390:0:0:D91
- D. BFEA:DACA::D91/6
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The correct abbreviation for the IP address BFEA:DACA:0000:0000:9390:0000:0000:D91 is BFEA:DACA::9390:0:D91. IPv6 addresses are represented in hexadecimal notation, with eight 16-bit segments separated by colons. To simplify the address representation, IPv6 supports two types of abbreviations. The first abbreviation allows us to skip leading zeros within a segment, while the second abbreviation allows us to drop one or more consecutive segments that contain only zeros, using a double colon (::) instead. However, the double colon can be used only once in an address, to avoid ambiguity34.
References: IPv6 Address Types, Notation, and Structure Explained, IPv6 address - Wikipedia
質問 # 26
Which two statements are true about router node hardening? (Choose two.)
- A. IPsec should be implemented to secure IGP routing protocols.
- B. Any unnecessary services should be disabled within each context.
- C. Enabling syslog ensures system events are logged to a remote server.
- D. LDAP, using the TLS protocol, should be implemented for remote logging.
正解：B、C
解説：
Explanation
Two statements that are true about router node hardening are:
Any unnecessary services should be disabled within each context. Router node hardening is a process of securing a router from unauthorized access and attacks by applying various configurations and policies.
One of these configurations is to disable any services that are not needed for the router's functionality or purpose, such as telnet, ftp, http, etc. This reduces the attack surface of the router and prevents potential exploits of these services91.
Enabling syslog ensures system events are logged to a remote server. Syslog is a protocol that allows a router to send system messages and events to a remote server for logging and analysis. By enabling syslog on a router, network administrators can monitor the router's activity and performance, troubleshoot problems, detect anomalies, and audit security events101.
References: Cisco Router Hardening Step-by-Step | SANS Institute, Security Hardening Checklist Guide for Cisco Routers/Switches in 10 Steps, CCNA SEC: Router Hardening - Cisco Press
質問 # 27
Which router function advertises external routes in OSPF?
- A. designated router
- B. backbone router
- C. ABR
- D. ASBR
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
The router function that advertises external routes in OSPF is ASBR, which stands for Autonomous System Boundary Router. An ASBR is a router that connects an OSPF domain to another routing domain, such as another OSPF domain or a different routing protocol domain. An ASBR can redistribute routes from other routing domains into OSPF as external routes, which are carried in type 5 or type 7 LSAs. External routes have two types: E1 and E2. E1 routes include the cost from the ASBR to the destination, while E2 routes only include the cost advertised by the ASBR34.
References: OSPF External Routes IpCisco, OSPF External Route selection algorithm - Cisco Community
質問 # 28
Review the exhibit.
A service provider wants to provide L3VPN for two customers (indicated by red and green in the exhibit).
Referring to the exhibit, which statement is correct?
- A. The service provider's P routers are not aware of the customers' routes.
- B. LDP must be configured between PE and CE
- C. MP-BGP should be configured on all the service provider's routers (Ps and PEs).
- D. The two customers cannot use overlapping IP prefixes.
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
Referring to the exhibit, the correct statement is that the service provider's P routers are not aware of the customers' routes. This is because P routers only need to forward MPLS packets based on their labels, without looking into their IP headers or VPN information. The P routers do not have any VRFs configured for the customers, nor do they participate in MP-BGP sessions with other PE routers. The PE routers are responsible for maintaining VRFs for each customer and for exchanging VPN routes with other PE routers using MP-BGP910.
References: Layer 3 VPNs (L3VPN) - Cisco, MPLS VPN - Wikipedia
質問 # 29
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