無料Admission Tests GMAT学習ガイド試験問題と解答 [Q35-Q59]

無料Admission Tests GMAT学習ガイド試験問題と解答

GMAT試験問題集、GMAT練習テスト問題

質問 35
It is better for the environment if as much of all packaging as possible is made from materials that are biodegradable in landfills. Therefore, it is always a change for the worse to replace packaging made from paper or cardboard with packaging made from plastics that are not biodegradable in landfills.
Which of the following, if true, constitutes the strongest objection to the argument above?

A. In many landfills, a significant proportion of space is taken up by materials other than discarded packaging materials.
B. Some plastic used in packaging is biodegradable in landfills.
C. Sometimes, in packaging an item, plastics that are not biodegradable in landfills are combined with cardboard.
D. The paper and cardboard used in packaging are usually not biodegradable in landfills.
E. It is impossible to avoid entirely the use of packaging materials that are not biodegradable in landfills.

正解: D

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 36
Since applied scientific research is required for technological advancement, many have rightly urged an increased emphasis in universities on applied research. But we must not give too little attention to basic research, even though it may have no foreseeable application, for tomorrow's applied research will depend on the basic research of today.
If the statements above are true, which of the following can be most reliably inferred?

A. If too little attention is given to basic research today, future technological advancement will be jeopardized.
B. If technological advancement is given insufficient emphasis, basic research will also receive too little attention.
C. If basic research is valued in universities, applied research should be given less emphasis than it currently has.
D. If future technological advancement is desired, basic research should receive greater emphasis than applied research.
E. If future technological advancement is desired, research should be limited to that with some foreseeable application.

正解: A

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 37
With the proliferation of electronic technologies in the latter part of the twentieth century, many aspects of cultural practice have been redefined. The eradication of physical boundaries that limit discourse and information access has had profound effects upon the manner in which we conduct democracy. Yet, opinions strongly differ over whether or not the growth of electronic networks will result in expanded democracy. On one side of the debate are anti-utopians who fear that with the intrusion of the Internet into many facets of life, personal freedom will be impeded and the existing rift between the "haves" and "have- nots" in society will grow. On the other side, many 'cyber-utopians' believe that new technologies can eliminate the democracy of elected representatives with which so many people are dissatisfied. The Internet, they say, will allow for a true participatory democracy in which citizens can govern themselves without the interference of bureaucrats and legislators.
Neither of these theories by themselves can fully address the role of democracy in the age of information.
As debates about censorship and encryption have shown, government regulation of the Internet can result in violations of the basic rights of speech set forth in the constitution of the United States. Yet, groups that preach 'Big Brother' theories of paranoia tend to neglect the fact that new technologies can help balance the injustices of traditional power found in a centralized government. At the same time, the likelihood of doing away with the present system of democracy in favor of complete and pure self-governance seems impossible and likely undesirable.
Both arguments about the future of the way in which discourse will occur highlight the inherent relationship between communication and democracy. Perhaps a more useful model for the study of this dynamic can be found in the model of the public sphere proposed by Jorgen Habermas. In this realm, free and diverse equals come together to deliberate and discuss pertinent issues without the impediment of external coercion. The ensuing dialogue transpires in a profoundly democratic forum. The dispensing of traditional hierarchies that occurs on the Internet appears to make possible the type of categories necessary for Habermas 'ideal speech situation to occur.
However, postmodern critics indicate that the autonomous individual no longer exists in a world where our identities are constructed as much for us as by us. And indeed, much of the postmodern notion of self seems to fit closely with reconfigurations of the subject brought on by electronic technologies. The question that arises then is how might the reconfiguration of communication enabled by the Internet work to create a new form of cyber-democracy' that better represents citizen's interests?
The author is primarily concerned with

A. Challenging the assumptions on which a theory of modern democracy is based
B. Advocating the use of the electronic technologies to improve democracy
C. Explaining the importance of electronic technologies to modern politics
D. Describing events leading to the discovery of democratic uses of electronic technologies
E. Examining the relationship between Internet communication and democracy

正解: E

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The best answer is E.
The answer is not A.
because the author does not reach any conclusions.
D. is incorrect because it does not discuss modern politics in general.

質問 38
Although Binofram has been proven to alleviate certain skin rashes associated with some medical conditions, many physicians no longer routinely prescribe this drug for this purpose. A rash can stimulate the activity of the body's T-cells and also inhibit growth of some strains of virus.
If the statements above are true, which of the following conclusion is most strongly supported by them?

A. Binofram, an effective rash medication, alleviates the itching and discomfort of many illnesses.
B. The focus of modern medicine is on inhibiting the growth of harmful viruses within the body
C. Binofram inhibits the growth of the body's T-cells, which are necessary for fighting some illnesses.
D. Binofram can prolong a patient's illness by eliminating certain skin rashes which can be helpful in fighting some diseases.
E. The more T-cells a patient's body produces, the less severe the patient's illness will be.

正解: D

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
By stimulating T-cells and inhibiting the growth of certain viruses, rashes can aid the body in fighting infection. However, Binofram can eliminate the rash. Thus, as choice B states, Binofram can prolong a patient's illness.

質問 39
The real estate company pleaded guilty in a district court in failing to report all of the profits from the sale of land for the new shopping mall.

A. to the charge of failing to report
B. for the charge of its failure to report
C. for its failure in reporting
D. in failing to report
E. to its failure in reporting

正解: E

質問 40

What is the area of triangle ADC shown in the figure?
(1) The ratio of the length of line segment AD to the length of line segment DB is 1 to 3.
(2) The area of triangle ABC is 8.

A. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient
D. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
E. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE Is sufficient.

正解: E

質問 41
Manager: Accounting and Billing are located right next to each other and the two departments do similar kinds of work; yet expenditures for clerical supplies charged to Billing are much higher. Is Billing wasting supplies?
Head of Billing: Not at all.
Which of the following, if true, best supports the position of the Head of Billing?

A. There are more staff members in Accounting than in Billing.
B. Some of the paper-and-pencil work of both Accounting and Billing has been replaced by work done on computers.
C. Members of Accounting found the clerical supplies cabinet of Billing more convenient to go to for supplies than their own department's cabinet.
D. The work of Billing now requires a wider variety of clerical supplies than it did in the past.
E. Two years ago, expenditures in Accounting for clerical supplies were the same as were expenditures that year in Billing for clerical supplies.

正解: B

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 42
Defense Department analysts worry that the ability of the United States to wage a prolonged war would be seriously endangered if the machine-tool manufacturing base shrinks further. Before the Defense Department publicly connected this security issue with the import quota issue, however, the machine-tool industry raised the national security issue in its petition for import quotas.
Which of the following, if true, contributes most to an explanation of the machine-tool industry's raising the issue above regarding national security?

A. The machine-tool industry encountered difficulty in obtaining governmental protection against imports on grounds other than defense.
B. The Defense Department is only marginally concerned with the effects of foreign competition on the machine-tool industry.
C. A few weapons important for defense consist of parts that do not require extensive machining.
D. When the aircraft industries retooled, they provided a large amount of work for tool builders.
E. Several federal government programs have been designed which will enable domestic machine-tool manufacturing firms to compete successfully with foreign toolmakers.

正解: A

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 43
Take a very commonplace, often discussed and critical topic: Are we detecting a greenhouse effect, and related to this, is it exacerbated by "homogenic factors," i.e., human actions? Most would be inclined to give a positive answer to both of these questions. But, if pushed, what would be the evidence, and how well grounded would it be for such affirmations?
Within scientific communities and associated scientifically informed circles, the answers have to be somewhat more ambiguous, particularly when rigorous questions concerning evidence are raised. Were scientific truth to be a matter of consensus, and some argue that scientific truth often turns out to be just that, then it is clear that there is beginning to be a kind of majority consensus among many earth science practitioners that the temperature of the Earth, particularly of the oceans, is indeed rising and that this is a crucial indicator for a possible greenhouse effect.
Most of these scientists admit that the mean oceanic temperature has risen globally in the last several decades. But this generalization depends upon how accurate measurements may be, not just for samples, but also for the whole Earth. A hot spot, for example the now four year old hot spot near New Guinea which is part of the El Niño cycle, does not count by itself because it might be balanced by cold spots elsewhere. And the fact of the matter is that "whole earth measurements" are still rare and primitive in the simple sense that we simply do not have enough thermometers out. Secondly, even if we had enough thermometers, a simply synchronic whole earth measurement over three decades is but a blip in the diachronic history of ice age cycles over the last tens of thousands of years. Thirdly, even if we know that the earth is now heating up, has an ever increasing ozone hole, and from this strange weather effects can be predicted, how much of this is due to homorganic factors, such as CFCs, CO2 increases, hydrocarbon burning, and the like? Is it really the case, as Science magazine claimed in l990, "24% of greenhouse encouraging gases are of homorganic origin"?
In this passage the author is primarily interested in

A. Determining if most scientists would be inclined to give a positive answer to the question of whether there is a greenhouse effect and if it is worsened by human actions
B. Whether scientific truths are simply a matter of consensus
C. Whether the hot spot El Niño is balanced elsewhere by cold spots
D. Making a simple synchronic whole earth measurement more than a blip in the diachronic history of Ice Age cycles over the last tens of thousands of years.
E. Determining how well established the greenhouse effect is and to what degree it is worsened by human actions

正解: E

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The author questions the claim that there is indeed a greenhouse effect that is made worse by human actions.
A. is too general an answer, while D is too specific. D is wrong because it is probing whether scientists agree, not whether there the phenomenon actually exists.

質問 44
Guitar strings often go "dead" - become less responsive and bright in tone - after a few weeks of intense use. A researcher whose son is a classical guitarist hypothesized that dirt and oil, rather than changes in the material properties of the string, were responsible.
Which of the following investigations is most likely to yield significant information that would help to evaluate the researcher's hypothesis?

A. Determining if a metal alloy is used to make the strings used by classical guitarists
B. Determining whether smearing various substances on new guitar strings causes them to go dead
C. Determining whether classical guitarists make their strings go dead faster than do folk guitarists
D. Determining whether identical lengths of string, of the same gauge, go dead at different rates when strung on various brands of guitars
E. Determining whether a dead string and a new string produce different qualities of sound

正解: B

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 45
Take a very commonplace, often discussed and critical topic: Are we detecting a greenhouse effect, and related to this, is it exacerbated by "homogenic factors," i.e., human actions? Most would be inclined to give a positive answer to both of these questions. But, if pushed, what would be the evidence, and how well grounded would it be for such affirmations?
Within scientific communities and associated scientifically informed circles, the answers have to be somewhat more ambiguous, particularly when rigorous questions concerning evidence are raised. Were scientific truth to be a matter of consensus, and some argue that scientific truth often turns out to be just that, then it is clear that there is beginning to be a kind of majority consensus among many earth science practitioners that the temperature of the Earth, particularly of the oceans, is indeed rising and that this is a crucial indicator for a possible greenhouse effect.
Most of these scientists admit that the mean oceanic temperature has risen globally in the last several decades. But this generalization depends upon how accurate measurements may be, not just for samples, but also for the whole Earth. Hot spots, for example the now four year old hot spot near New Guinea which is part of the El Niño cycle, does not count by itself because it might be balanced by cold spots elsewhere.
And the fact of the matter is that "whole earth measurements" are still rare and primitive in the simple sense that we simply do not have enough thermometers out. Secondly, even if we had enough thermometers, a simply synchronic whole earth measurement over three decades is but a blip in the diachronic history of ice age cycles over the last tens of thousands of years. Thirdly, even if we know that the earth is now heating up, has an ever increasing ozone hole, and from this strange weather effects can be predicted, how much of this is due to homogenic factors, such as CFCs, CO2 increases, hydrocarbon burning, and the like? Is it really the case, as Science magazine claimed in l990, "24% of greenhouse encouraging gases are of homogenic origin"?
It can be inferred from the passage that

A. Strange weather effects have been shown to be due to the diachronic effects of hydrocarbon burning and not to increases in CFC.
B. If the temperature of the oceans has ceased to rise at an ever-increasing rate, then the rate of global warming has increased.
C. Strange weather effects are caused by the increase use of CFCs, CO2, and similar gasses.
D. The greenhouse effect is the most widely discussed topic in the scientifically informed circles.
E. We cannot be certain that strange weather effects are a result of the earth heating up and an ever- increasing ozone hole.

正解: E

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The author is questioning the cause and effect relationship between the increasingly large ozone hole and global warming, as well as cause and effect relationship between global warming and strange weather effects

質問 46
The National Institute on Drug Abuse Warning Network reported an increase both in the number of admissions to hospital emergency rooms nationwide that involved drug abuse and a change in procedures used in rehabilitation clinics.

A. reported an increase both in the numbers of admissions to hospital emergency rooms nationwide that involved drug abuse and a change in procedures
B. reported both an increase in the number of admissions to emergency rooms of nationwide hospitals that involved drug abuse and a change in procedures
C. reported an increase both in the number of admissions to hospital emergency rooms nationwide that involved drug abuse and procedures that changed
D. reported both an increase in the number of admissions to hospital emergency rooms nationwide that involved drug abuse and a change in procedures
E. reported an increase both in the number of admissions to hospital emergency rooms nationwide that involved drug abuse and a change in procedures used in rehabilitation clinics.

正解: D

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The best answer is B.
Choice B correctly places the word both after the verb.

質問 47
Interviewer: An alarming statistic reported in the Hobern Medical Journal is that 90 percent of the people in this country now report that they know someone who has heart disease.
Dr. Summer: But an expected level of heart disease is 5 percent, or in other words, 1 out of every 20 people. So at any given time if a person knows approximately 50 people, 1 or more will very likely suffer from heart disease.
Dr. Summer's argument is structured to lead to which of the following conclusion?

A. If a person with heart disease is given as a certain percent, the actual percentage of those with heart disease is even higher.
B. If at least 5 percent of the population suffered from heart disease, the result of questioning a representative group of people cannot be the percentage the interviewer cites.
C. The current level of heart disease is not moderate.
D. It is unlikely that the people whose statements the interviewer cites are giving accurate reports.
E. The fact that 90 percent of the people know someone who suffers from heart disease is not an indication that heart disease is abnormally high.

正解: E

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The best answer is A.
Dr. Summer's argument is essentially that, even if the facts are as the interviewer presents them, they are not in and of themselves a cause for alarm. Even circumstances reassuringly normal and unremarkable imply the sort of fact the interviewer cites. Thus, that fact does not indicate that the rate of heart disease has increased above normal.

質問 48
Most consumers do not get much use out of the sports equipment they purchase. For example, seventeen percent of the adults in the United States own jogging shoes, but only forty-five percent of the owners jog more than once a year, and only seventeen percent jog more than once a week.
Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt on the claim that most consumers get little use out of the sports equipment they purchase?

A. Consumers who take up jogging often purchase an athletic shoe that can be used in other sports.
B. Joggers often exaggerate the frequency with which they jog in surveys designed to elicit such information.
C. Joggers are most susceptible to sports injuries during the first six months in which they jog.
D. Joggers who jog more than once a week are often active participants in other sports as well.
E. Many consumers purchase jogging shoes for use in activities other than jogging.

正解: E

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 49
Technically a given category of insurance policy is under priced if, over time, claims against it plus expenses associated with it exceed total income from premiums. But premium income can be invested and will then yield returns of its own. Therefore, an under priced policy does not represent a net loss in every case.
The argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?

A. No insurance policies are deliberately underpriced in order to attract customers to the insurance company offering such policies.
B. There are policies for which the level of claims per year can be predicted with great accuracy before premiums are set.
C. The claims against at least some underpriced policies do not require paying out all of the premium income from those policies as soon as it is earned.
D. The income earned by investing premium income is the most important determinant of an insurance company's profits.
E. A policy that represents a net loss to the insurance company is not an underpriced policy in every case.

正解: C

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 50
Clarinet reeds often lose their freshness - become less responsive - after a few weeks of intense use.
One clarinetist has hypothesized that a buildup of oil, rather than changes in the material properties of the reed, were responsible.
Which of the following investigations is most likely to yield significant information that would help to evaluate the hypothesis?

A. Determining whether jazz clarinetists make their reeds lose their freshness faster than do classical clarinetists.
B. Determining whether rubbing various substances on the new reed causes them to lose their freshness.
C. Determining what kind of wood is used to make the reeds used by jazz clarinetists.
D. Determining whether a fresh reed and one that has lost its freshness produce different qualities of sound
E. Determining whether identical lengths of reeds, of the same thickness, lose their freshness at different rates when put onto various brands of clarinets.

正解: B

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The best answer is D.
The hypothesis has two parts: first, that intense use does not bring material changes that cause the reed to lose its freshness and, second, that oil causes the phenomenon. The experiment suggested in choice D directly test this hypothesis by contaminating strings that are known to have their original material properties.

質問 51
The fact that several of the largest senior citizens' organizations are constituted almost exclusively of middle-class elderly people has led critics to question the seriousness of those organizations' commitment to speaking out on behalf of the needs of economically disadvantaged elderly people.
Which of the following generalizations, if true, would help to substantiate the criticism implicit in the statement above?

A. Middle-class elderly people are more likely to join organizations than are economically disadvantaged elderly people.
B. Organized groups are better able to publicize their problems and seek redress than individuals acting alone.
C. The ideology of an organization tends reflect the traditional political climate of its locale.
D. The needs of disadvantaged elderly people differ in some ways from those of other disadvantaged groups within contemporary society.
E. People usually join organizations whose purpose is to further the economic, political, or social interests of their members.

正解: E

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 52
A company processes boxes that have a number of different dimensions. Based on the dimensions of the boxes, the company classifies all of them In three categories.
A, B. and C. The table Ms some examples of boxes, their Dimensions, and their classification categories.

正解:

解説:

Explanation

質問 53
A report on acid rain concluded, "Most forests in Canada are not being damaged by acid rain." Critics of the report insist the conclusion be changed to, "Most forests in Canada do not show visible symptoms of damage by acid rain, such as abnormal loss of leaves, slower rates of growth, or higher mortality." Which of the following, if true, provides the best logical justification for the critics' insistence that the report's conclusion be changed?

A. Some forests in Canada are being damaged by acid rain.
B. The report does not compare acid rain damage to Canadian forests with acid rain damage to forests in other countries.
C. The severity of damage by acid rain differs from forest to forest.
D. All forests in Canada have received acid rain during the past fifteen years.
E. Acid rain could be causing damage for which symptoms have not yet become visible.

正解: E

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 54
Companies in the country of Kollontay can sell semiconductors in the country of Valdivia at a price that is below the cost to Valdivian companies of producing them. To help those Valdivian companies, the Valdivian legislature plans to set a minimum selling price in Valdivia for semiconductors manufactured in Kollontay that is ten percent greater than the average production costs for companies in Valdivia.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously threatens the success of the plan?

A. Valdivia is not the only country where companies in Kollontay currently sell semiconductors.
B. Some Valdivian companies that sell semiconductors have announced that they plan to decrease their price for semiconductors.
C. The government of Kollontay will also set a minimum price for selling semiconductors in that country.
D. The annual rate of inflation in Kollontay is expected to exceed ten percent within the next year.
E. Emerging companies in countries other than Kollontay will still be able to sell semiconductors in Valdivia at a price below the cost to Valdivian companies to manufacture them.

正解: E

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 55
Which of the following best completes the passage below?
In a survey of job applicants, two-fifths admitted to being at least a little dishonest. However, the survey may underestimate the proportion of job applicants who are dishonest, because______

A. some dishonest people taking the survey might have claimed on the survey to be honest
B. some people who claimed on the survey to be at least a little dishonest may be very dishonest
C. some generally honest people taking the survey might have claimed on the survey to be dishonest
D. some people who claimed on the survey to be dishonest may have been answering honestly
E. some people who are not job applicants are probably at least a little dishonest

正解: A

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 56
The program to control the entry of illegal drugs into the country was a failure in 1987. If the program had been successful, the wholesale price of most illegal drugs would not have dropped substantially in 1987.
The argument in the passage would be most seriously weakened if it were true that

A. the country's citizens spent substantially more money on illegal drugs in 1987 than they did in 1986
B. domestic production of illegal drugs increased substantially in 1987
C. the author's statements were made in order to embarrass the officials responsible for the drug-control program
D. in 1987 smugglers of illegal drugs, as a group, had significantly more funds at their disposal than did the country's customs agents
E. in 1987 illegal drugs entered the country by a different set of routes than they did in 1986

正解: B

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 57
In a study of the effect of color on productivity, 50 of 100 factory workers were moved from their drab workroom to a brightly colored workroom. Both these workers and the 50 who remained in the drab workroom increased their productivity, probably as a result of the interest taken by researchers in the work of both groups during the study.
Which of the following, if true, would cast most doubt upon the author's interpretation of the study results given above?

A. The drab workroom was designed to provide adequate space for at most 65 workers.
B. Nearly all the workers in both groups had volunteered to move to the brightly colored workroom.
C. The 50 workers who moved to the brightly colored workroom were matched as closely as possible in age and level of training to the 50 workers who remained in the drab work-room.
D. Many of the workers who moved to the brightly colored workroom reported that they liked the drab workroom as well as or better than they liked the brightly colored workroom.
E. The 50 workers moved to the brightly colored room performed precisely the same manufacturing task as the workers who remained in the drab workroom.

正解: D

解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:

質問 58

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)