GMAT試験正確な問題集、学習ノートと理論 [2022年01月]
100%高得点合格保証GMAT無制限427解答
質問 240
While some economists believe that Germany should be warned by the European Commission that it could face the imposition of radical restrictions on its domestic fiscal policymaking as early as the beginning of next year, others say that Germany will take the warning seriously only if it would be backed by sanctions.
- A. if it was only backed by sanctions.
- B. if it would only be backed by sanctions.
- C. only if it is backed by sanctions.
- D. if it is backed only by sanctions.
- E. only if it would be backed by sanctions.
正解: C
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The best answer is B.
In sentences expressing a conditional result (X will happen if Y happens), the verb of the main clause should be in the future tense and the verb of the if clause should be in the present indicative. Thus, is backed (in B) is consistent with will take.
質問 241
The argument above would be most significantly weakened if which of the following were true?
- A. By the 1930's bounty hunters had exterminated most of the gray wolves in the United States.
- B. Programs for increasing the gray wolf population are not aided by federal laws that require the licensing of hunters of certain predators.
- C. Effective laws against the hunting of gray wolves have been enacted.
- D. Ranchers, farmers, and hunters still have an ingrained bias against gray wolves.
- E. Suggested programs for increasing the gray wolf population have been criticized by environmentalists and biologists.
正解: C
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
質問 242
The level of lead contamination in United States rivers declined between 1975 and 1985. Federal regulations requiring a drop in industrial discharges of lead went into effect in 1975, but the major cause of the decline was a 75 percent drop in the use of leaded gasoline between 1975 and 1985.
Which of the following, if true, best supports the claim that the major cause of the decline in the level of lead contamination in United States rives was the decline in the use of leaded gasoline?
- A. Although the use of leaded gasoline declined 75 percent between 1975 and 1985, 80 percent of the decline took place in 1985.
- B. The level of lead contamination in United States rivers fell sharply in both 1975 and 1983.
- C. Levels of lead contamination in rivers fell sharply in 1975-1976 and rose very slightly over the next nine years.
- D. Levels of lead contamination rose in those rivers where there was reduced river flow due to drought.
- E. Most of the decline in industrial discharges of lead occurred before 1976, but the largest decline in the level of river contamination occurred between 1980 and 1985.
正解: E
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
質問 243
Brianna's has been feeling jittery over the last three weeks. She has also been putting in extra hours at work, sometimes pulling double shifts. To stay alert, she has been drinking six or seven cups of coffee a day rather than her usual two or three cups. The jitters are interfering with her ability to do her work, so she has decided to stop drinking coffee altogether to eliminate the jitters. All of the following are valid criticisms of Brianais's plan of action EXCEPT
- A. the jitters may be worsened by her total withdrawal from caffeine.
- B. the jitters may be caused by anxiety due to personal problems or stress at work.
- C. Brianais has never had the jitters before.
- D. Brianais only gets the jitters when she drinks too much coffee.
- E. the jitters may be due to lack of sleep, not excessive caffeine.
正解: C
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
Because she has never had the jitters before, it is important for Brianais to try to do something to stop them. Therefore, this is not a criticism of her plan of action. The other options, however, all point out reasons why her plan of action may not be effective. If the jitters are caused by lack of sleep (choice a) or anxiety (choice e), then her plan will fail. Similarly, if her jitters worsen by a total withdrawal from caffeine (choice b), her plan will also fail. The fact that Brianais often gets the jitters when she drinks too much coffee (choice d) suggests that Brianais does not need to stop drinking coffee altogether; she just needs to cut back to her regular amount.
質問 244
Manufacturers and retailers tend to look askance at gray markets, where products are sold at cut-rate prices outside their authorized distribution channels. Manufacturers fear that gray markets will undercut margins and tarnish brand names. Retailers fear that they will siphon away customers and erode prices.
A new study indicates, however, that gray marketing actually benefits manufacturers and retailers in markets that meet two criteria: first, sharp differences exist in consumers' price sensitivity; second, large numbers of consumers are price-insensitive. In such markets, the low prices of the gray market will attract the most price-sensitive customers. The authonzed channels will then compete only for the remaining customers-those who are insensitive to price but sensitive to service.
When that happens, the structure of competition and the economics of the market shift. The authorized retailers, freed from having to cater to the bargain hunters, can raise their prices and focus on service. If the concentration of price-insensitive shoppers is high enough, the resulting increase in prices will more than offset the loss of sales to the bargain hunters. The margins and profits of the authorized retailers will increase, and manufacturers will, as a result, be able to boost their wholesale prices.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
- A. present the results of a study that indicates that under most conditions gray markets are beneficial to manufacturers and authorized retailers
- B. outline a course of action that manufacturers and authorized retailers can take to gain benefits from gray marketing
- C. explain how, in certain types of markets, gray marketing can improve margins and profits for manufacturers and authorized retailers
- D. identify the effects, both beneficial and detrimental, that gray markets have on manufacturers and authorized retailers
- E. provide arguments for and against the view that gray markets are beneficial to manufacturers and authorized retailers
正解: C
質問 245
If the airspace around centrally located airports were restricted to commercial airliners and only those private planes equipped with radar, most of the private-plane traffic would be forced to use outlying airfields. Such a reduction in the amount of private-plane traffic would reduce the risk of midair collision around the centrally located airports.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn in the second sentence?
- A. Centrally located airports are experiencing over-crowded airspace primarily because of sharp increases in commercial-airline traffic.
- B. Commercial airliners are already required by law to be equipped with extremely sophisticated radar systems.
- C. The number of midair collisions that occur near centrally located airports has decreased in recent years.
- D. Many pilots of private planes would rather buy radar equipment than be excluded from centrally located airports.
- E. Private planes not equipped with radar systems cause a disproportionately large number of midair collisions around centrally located airports.
正解: E
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
質問 246
Despite overall physiological bilateral symmetry, many species exhibit
lateralized biases, i.e., preferences for right- or left-oriented behavior. When approaching prey, for example, some predator species favor their right eye; some prey species respond more quickly when their left eye detects a predator. Similar behavioral asymmetries occur in humans. Most notable is right- and lefthandedness; less notable is the tendency to turn right when entering a room.
Paul Farnsworth found that more successful students tended to choose seats near the front, a little to the right. He argued that external factors such as teacher location might have affected this lateral bias. But it is now known that processing differences between the two brain hemispheres can also contribute to behavioral asymmetries, George Karev found that when presented with a movie theater seating diagram, right-handed people were more likely than left-handed people to choose a seat on the right, facing front. But he hypothesized that, since the right hemisphere processes visuospatial and emotional information, the people who chose right-side seats did so because that would put the screen in their left visual field, optimizing information flow to the right hemisphere.
Although the right hemisphere is thought to be dominant in processing
emotion, some evidence suggests that the left hemisphere plays a role. The valence model proposes that the left and right hemispheres process positive and negative emotion respectively, while the approach-withdrawal model posits that the left hemisphere processes emotion expressed in approach behavior and the right hemisphere processes emotion expressed in withdrawal behavior.
Victoria Harms and colleagues suggested that since a paper seating plan was used in the theater-seating studies by Karev and others, the exhibited preference might be due simply to handedness: people choose the same side of the paper as their favored hand. Consequently, the Harms research was designed to study choices in an actual movie theater. Also, hoping to distinguish between various explanations, they studied seating choices for comedies (presumed to contain Positive emotional content), dramas (presumed to contain negative emotional content), and documentaries (presumed to have balanced emotional content).
They found significant-though not universal-preference for seats on the right, facing front, regardless of movie genre and of handedness.
Which of the following does information in the passage most strongly suggest is true?
- A. People going to watch a film that is expected to evoke negative emotion are more likely to sit at the front of the theater than at the back.
- B. Ambidextrous people are as likely to prefer sitting on the left side of a movie theater as on the right side.
- C. Students who sit on the left side of a classroom and direct their frontal gaze somewhat to the right receive more visual information from the left side than the right side of their visual field.
- D. Left-handed people are more likely than others to prefer sitting on the left side of a movie theater to sitting on the right side.
- E. Some people gaing to watch a movie, whether comedy, drama, or other
genre, prefer sitting on the left side of the theater to sitting on the right side.
正解: E
質問 247
Buoyed by stability and economic growth at home, Russia has developed a foreign policy that seeks to reestablish its place as a key actor on the world stage.
- A. Russia has developed a foreign policy seeking to reestablish its place as a key actor on the world stage elevated by stability and economic growth at home.
- B. Given that it is stable at home and with economic growth, Russia has developed a foreign policy that seeks to restore its place being a key actor throughout the world stage.
- C. Buoyed by stability and economic growth at home, Russia has developed a foreign policy that seeks to reestablish its place as a key actor on the world stage.
- D. Held high by its own stability and economic growth, Russia has developed a foreign policy that seeks to once again restore its key place acting on the world stage.
- E. Through stability and economic growth at home, Russia invigorated a foreign policy that desires reestablishment of its place as a key actor on the world stage.
正解: C
質問 248
During the Second World War, about 375,000 civilians died in the United States and about 408,000 members of the United States armed forces died overseas. On the basis of those figures, it can be concluded that it was not much more dangerous to be overseas in the armed forces during the Second World War than it was to stay at home as a civilian.
Which of the following would reveal most clearly the absurdity of the conclusion drawn above?
- A. Separating deaths caused by accidents during service in the armed forces from deaths caused by combat injuries
- B. Comparing deaths caused by accidents in the United States to deaths caused by combat in the armed forces
- C. Counting deaths among members of the armed forces who served in the United States in addition to deaths among members of the armed forces serving overseas
- D. Expressing the difference between the numbers of deaths among civilians and members of the armed forces as a percentage of the total number of deaths
- E. Comparing death rates per thousand members of each group rather than comparing total numbers of deaths
正解: E
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
質問 249
Denying that one of its many irregularities had been the long-term mismanaging of company funds, the AD
& M company produced clear evidence to back its claim.
- A. its many irregularities has been the long-term
- B. their many irregularities had been the long-term
- C. their many irregularities is the long-term
- D. its many irregularities had been the long-term
- E. its many irregularities is the long-term
正解: D
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The best answer is A.
The singular pronoun its agrees in number with the singular noun referent AD & M; the past perfect verb form had been is used appropriately to refer to an action completed prior to the action of the simple past tense produced.
質問 250
Psychologist: People tend instinctively to impose patterns on events even when such patterns are not really present. If early humans believed that a rustle in the grass indicated a dangerous predator when it was just the wind, they were more likely to survive than if they believed that it was just the wind when a dangerous predator was there. Thus, in a world of split-second interactions between predators and prey, a person who made an error of the first type was more likely to survive than a person who made an error of the second type.
So the tendency to make the first type of error is probably due to__________.
Which of the following would, if true, most logically complete the psychologist's argument?
- A. a decision people make to avoid taking risks
- B. anxiety to avoid the first type of error
- C. a widespread fear of dangerous animals
- D. evolutionary processes affecting the human species
- E. a tendency to treat hidden perils as more dangerous than obvious perils
正解: D
質問 251
Using art to condemn the moral shortcomings of society is nothing new. English artist William Hogarth (1697 - 1764) was renowned for prints that revealed the moral lapses of eighteenth-century England.
Despite the fact that Hogarth enjoyed the patronage of England's wealthier citizens, he did not shrink away from producing scathing depictions of all levels of English society.
In the ten-print series Industry and Idleness, Hogarth presents two apprentices who begin working side by side only to arrive at vastly different ends. The first apprentice is portrayed as a morally incorruptible, diligent worker. He is promoted, marries his boss's daughter, and achieves great distinction and financial success. The other apprentice does little work and engages in many unsavory activities. He is fired from his apprenticeship and continues down a path of illicit behavior and corruption. The series comes to a climax when the two former coworkers are reunited with the industrious apprentice - now elevated to alderman - standing in judgment of the idle coworker brought before him for murder. The idle apprentice is sentenced to death and executed, whereas the industrious apprentice goes on to become Lord Mayor of London. Among Hogarth's most popular series was The Rake's Progress, which tells the story of wealthy Tom Rakewell. In the first of eight prints, Tom inherits a large sum of money that he foolishly spends on enhancing his image and prestige in superficial ways. His prodigal ways lead to his rapid decline as he is arrested for debt and in return marries an old maid for her money. He begins gambling, is imprisoned, and eventually goes insane in Bedlam. Tom's descent and desperate outcome, like many of Hogarth's subjects, is tied directly to moral corruption and poor self-discipline. It is interesting that Hogarth's prints were extremely popular in his day. Whatever the moral shortcomings of eighteenth-century England, its citizens welcomed Hogarth's social critiques and harsh judgments.
The description of Industry and Idleness suggests that
- A. people in eighteenth-century England were too quick to judge each other.
- B. apprentices often engaged in immoral behavior in Hogarth's time.
- C. successful politicians are morally incorruptible.
- D. the moral choices people make determine whether they will succeed or fail.
- E. the moral apprentice feels sorry for his former coworker.
正解: D
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The series describes the different outcomes of two men who start off in similar circumstances as apprentices but arrive at vastly different ends. The most logical conclusion to draw is that the choices the men make regarding their behavior determine the difference in their outcomes - one succeeds in business and politics, whereas the other lives a life of corruption and dies a criminal. The passage does not mention that people were too quick to judge each other (choice a); the alderman's job was to judge his former apprentice who was guilty of murder, so the judgment does not appear to be hasty. Nothing suggests that the corrupt apprentice reflects that corruption was common among apprentices in Hogarth's day, so choice c is incorrect. The morally incorruptible apprentice becomes a successful politician, but it is a leap of false logic to assume that all successful politicians are morally incorruptible, so choice d is incorrect. Finally, the passage does not provide any description of the alderman's emotions as he sentences his former coworker, so choice e is also incorrect.
質問 252
A report on acid rain concluded, "Most forests in Canada are not being damaged by acid rain." Critics of the report insist the conclusion be changed to, "Most forests in Canada do not show visible symptoms of damage by acid rain, such as abnormal loss of leaves, slower rates of growth, or higher mortality." Which of the following, if true, provides the best logical justification for the critics' insistence that the report's conclusion be changed?
- A. Some forests in Canada are being damaged by acid rain.
- B. The report does not compare acid rain damage to Canadian forests with acid rain damage to forests in other countries.
- C. The severity of damage by acid rain differs from forest to forest.
- D. All forests in Canada have received acid rain during the past fifteen years.
- E. Acid rain could be causing damage for which symptoms have not yet become visible.
正解: E
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
質問 253
Any combination of overwork and stress inevitably leads of insomnia. Managers at HiCorp, Inc., all suffer from stress. A majority of the managers - despite their doctors' warnings - work well over 60 hours per week, whereas the other managers work no more than the normal 40 hours per week. HiCorp gives regular bonuses only to employees who work more than 40 hours per week.
Which of the following conclusions is most strongly supported by the statements above?
- A. At HiCorp, insomnia is more widespread among managers than among any other group of employees.
- B. No manager at HiCorp who works only 40 hours per week suffers from overwork.
- C. Most of the managers at HiCorp who receive regular bonuses have insomnia.
- D. Managers at HiCorp work under conditions that are more stressful than the conditions under which managers at most other companies work.
- E. Most of the employee bonuses given by HiCorp are given to managers.
正解: C
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
質問 254
For years, Americans have been told to stay away from fat. Feeding the market of those anxiously watching their waistlines, food manufacturers have filled grocery store shelves with low-fat and fat-free foods. Now, however, some researchers are blaming the fat-free craze for the American crisis of obesity.
Foods without fat, they argue, leave us feeling unsatisfied and craving even more food. As a result, we end up eating a whole bag of low-fat potato chips when we would have only eaten half a bag of regular (fat- laden) potato chips.
Which of the following is the most logical conclusion that can be drawn from the passage?
- A. Fat-free foods should be banned from stores.
- B. The key to weight management is to avoid cravings.
- C. Potato chips of any sort are unhealthy.
- D. You will likely eat less if you eat foods with fat.
- E. Avoid a no-fat diet, but eat low-fat foods.
正解: D
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The passage argues that foods with little or no fat leave people feeling unsatisfied, so they are likely to eat more than they would of foods that have a substantial fat content. Although the evidence suggests that eating a low-fat diet is better than a no-fat diet (choice a), choice b is a more logical conclusion, especially because the focus in the passage is how much we eat. The health value of potato chips, which are only used as an example, is not discussed, so choice c is incorrect. Choice d is incorrect because the passage suggests that weight control is a matter of what kind of foods people eat, not the suppression of cravings.
The passage does not state that fat-free foods should be banned from stores, so e is not a logical conclusion.
質問 255
In 1980, 18% of American families lived under the poverty line. In 1990, only 12% of families lived under the poverty line. But that doesn't mean fewer families were living in poverty. Indeed, the statistics hide the fact that more families were actually living in destitution. The difference in percentages appears because the poverty line was redefined and the income level was reduced. Thus, many families were above the poverty line even though they did not earn any more income. Which of the following statements, if true, would most strengthen this argument?
- A. Republicans were in power in 1980, whereas Democrats were in power in 1990.
- B. This kind of statistical manipulation is appalling.
- C. The number of welfare recipients in 1990 was 11% higher than in 1980.
- D. The poverty line is regularly adjusted (income level raised) to account for inflation.
- E. A nationwide recession occurred in 1980 and an economic boom occurred in the 1990s.
正解: D
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
Including the fact that the poverty line is regularly raised to account for inflation would significantly strengthen the conclusion that more families were living in poverty in 1990 despite the lower percentage of families under the poverty line. Choice a is an opinion that expresses anger at statistical manipulation but does not provide a premise that would further support the conclusion. Choice b offers information that might help account for a normal difference in the number of families living in poverty, but the passage doesn't argue that fewer families were in poverty in 1990; rather, it argues the opposite. Choice c is essentially irrelevant. Democrats and Republicans may have certain agendas and institute certain social policies, but this is not relevant unless the reader knows a specific Democratic or Republican measure taken to affect the poverty level. Choice e suggests that many more poor people needed assistance in
1990 than 1980, but it is essentially irrelevant without further information showing the correlation between welfare recipients and the poverty line; it may be an apples-to-oranges comparison. You would need to know if any significant changes in welfare policy occurred in the interim.
質問 256
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