無料GMAT試験ブレーン問題集認定ガイド問題と解答
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質問 192
Defense Department analysts worry that the ability of the United States to wage a prolonged war would be seriously endangered if the machine-tool manufacturing base shrinks further. Before the Defense Department publicly connected this security issue with the import quota issue, however, the machine-tool industry raised the national security issue in its petition for import quotas.
Which of the following, if true, contributes most to an explanation of the machine-tool industry's raising the issue above regarding national security?
- A. The machine-tool industry encountered difficulty in obtaining governmental protection against imports on grounds other than defense.
- B. Several federal government programs have been designed which will enable domestic machine-tool manufacturing firms to compete successfully with foreign toolmakers.
- C. When the aircraft industries retooled, they provided a large amount of work for tool builders.
- D. A few weapons important for defense consist of parts that do not require extensive machining.
- E. The Defense Department is only marginally concerned with the effects of foreign competition on the machine-tool industry.
正解: A
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
質問 193
The length of the longest thin rigid rod that can fit inside a right circular cylindrical can is 25 inches. If the can has depth 20 inches, which of the following is closest to the volume of the can in cubic inches?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
- A. Option E
- B. Option D
- C. Option A
- D. Option C
- E. Option B
正解: B
質問 194
Record companies defend their substitution of laser-read compact discs (CD's) for the much less expensive traditional long-playing vinyl records in their catalogs by claiming that the audio market is ruled by consumer demand for ever-improved sound reproduction rather than by record manufacturers' profit- motivated marketing decisions. But this claim cannot be true, because if it were true, then digital audiotape, which produces even better sound than CD's, would be commercially available from these same record companies, but it is not.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument against the record companies' claim?
- A. Because CD's work according to principles very different from those that govern conventional recordings, commercial production of CD's requires new kinds of manufacturing technology.
- B. Some CD's have been so much in demand that consumers have experienced long delays in obtaining copies.
- C. When CD's were first introduced in the audio-reproduction market, prices were high and selection was poor.
- D. Record companies are reluctant to attempt commercial production of digital audiotape until profits from the sales of CD's have enabled them to recover their investments in compact-disc manufacturing technology.
- E. Any valid comparison of CD audio reproductions to digital audiotape reproductions must be based on identical performances played back on the highest quality disc or tape player.
正解: D
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
質問 195
Read the passage carefully and then choose the best answer to each question. Answer the question based upon what is stated or implied in the reading passage.
In Ursula LeGuin's short story "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas," everyone in the city of Omelas is happy - everyone, that is, except the child who is kept locked in a basement closet. The child is left entirely alone and neglected except for occasional visits from the citizens of Omelas. They come at a certain age as a rite of initiation, to learn the secret of the happiness they enjoy. They come to learn that their happiness has a price: the suffering of an innocent child. In the end, most people stay in Omelas; but a few, unable to bear the fact that they are responsible for the suffering of that child, reject this utopia built upon a utilitarian morality.
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory based upon the belief that happiness is the ultimate good and that people should use happiness as the measure for determining right and wrong. For utilitarian, the right thing to do is that which will bring about the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.
Furthermore, utilitarianism argues that the intention of people's actions does not matter; only the consequences of their actions are morally relevant, because only the consequences determine how much happiness is produced.
Although many useful social policies and much legislation are founded on this "greatest good" philosophy, utilitarianism can be problematic as a basis for morality. First, happiness is not so easy to quantify, and any measurement is bound to be subjective. Second, in a theory that treats everything except happiness as instrumentally rather than intrinsically valuable, anything - or, more importantly, anyone - can (and should) be treated as a means to an end, if it means greater happiness. This rejects the notion that human beings have their own intrinsic value. Further, utilitarianism puts the burden of the happiness of the masses on the suffering of the few. Is the happiness of many worth the suffering of a few? Why do those few deserve to suffer? Isn't this burden of suffering morally irresponsible? This is the dilemma so brilliantly illustrated in LeGuin's story.
From the author's summary of LeGuin's story, the reader can infer that
- A. the child willingly sacrifices himself for others.
- B. most people in Omelas are utilitarian.
- C. everyone in Omelas is happy.
- D. most people in Omelas reject utilitarianism.
- E. LeGuin is a popular science-fiction writer.
正解: B
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The author states that "most people stay in Omelas" after they have visited the child. This indicates that they understand and have accepted the utilitarian nature of their society. Only a few walk away and reject the society, so choice b is incorrect. The summary clearly states that everyone except the child and the ones who are "unable to bear the fact that they are responsible for the suffering of that child" are happy, so choice c is incorrect. No evidence indicates that the child willingly sacrifices himself for others (choice d).
The passage makes no reference to LeGuin's popularity or success as a science-fiction writer, so choice e is incorrect.
質問 196
The sum of the first n positive odd integers is n2 . What is the sum of the of the odd integers from 25 to 79, inclusive?
- A. 392-122
- B. 802-232
- C. 802-232
- D. 792-222
- E. 402-122
正解: D
質問 197
During the Second World War, about 375,000 civilians died in the United States and about 408,000 members of the United States armed forces died overseas. On the basis of those figures, it can be concluded that it was not much more dangerous to be overseas in the armed forces during the Second World War than it was to stay at home as a civilian.
Which of the following would reveal most clearly the absurdity of the conclusion drawn above?
- A. Counting deaths among members of the armed forces who served in the United States in addition to deaths among members of the armed forces serving overseas
- B. Comparing death rates per thousand members of each group rather than comparing total numbers of deaths
- C. Expressing the difference between the numbers of deaths among civilians and members of the armed forces as a percentage of the total number of deaths
- D. Comparing deaths caused by accidents in the United States to deaths caused by combat in the armed forces
- E. Separating deaths caused by accidents during service in the armed forces from deaths caused by combat injuries
正解: B
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
質問 198
Investing in real estate would be a profitable venture at this time. A survey in House magazine revealed that 85% of the magazine's readers are planning to buy a second home over the next few years. A study of the real estate industry, however, revealed that the current supply of homes could only provide for 65% of that demand each year.
Which of the following, if true, would undermine the validity of the investment advice in the paragraph above?
- A. Only a quarter of those who claim that they want a second home actually end up purchasing one.
- B. Some home owners are satisfied with only one home.
- C. About half of the people who buy homes have to take out a mortgage to do so.
- D. Only a quarter of the homes that are built are sold within the first two weeks.
- E. About half of the people who buy homes are investing in their first home.
正解: A
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
質問 199
Electric boats have eliminated the noise pollution that conventional powerboats made and reduce the loathsome discharges of oil that foul American rivers and lakes, threatening fish and bird life.
- A. reduced the loathsome discharges of oil that fouled American rivers and lakes, threatening fish and bird life.
- B. reduced the loathsome discharges of oil that fouled American rivers and lakes, to threaten fish and bird life.
- C. reduce the loathsome discharges of oil that foul American rivers and lakes, to threaten fish and bird life.
- D. reduce the loathsome discharges of oil that foul American rivers and lakes, threaten fish and bird life.
- E. reduce the loathsome discharges of oil that foul American rivers and lakes, threatening fish and bird life.
正解: A
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The best answer is E.
The form of the word reduce is governed by first verb phrase because it continues in a parallel construction: Have eliminated.. and reduced.
質問 200
In the coordinate plane, if P and Q are the points where the graph of y= c+ 2x- 8 intersects the y-axis, and the positive x-axis, respectively, what is the slope of the line containing P and Q?
- A. -¼
- B. 0
- C. 1
- D. ¼
- E. 2
正解: B
質問 201
Each of the 75 employees at @ certain company works in exactly one of the company's 3 departments (Departments X, Y, and Z). Exactly 20% of the employees work in Department X, and 10 fewer employees work in DepartmentY than work in Department Z.
Based on the information provided, select for Departinent Yand Department Zthe numbers of employees who work in Department Y and Department Z. Make only two selections, one in each column.
正解:
解説:
Explanation
A picture containing chart Description automatically generated
質問 202
It can be inferred from the passage that if Cope's hypothesis were correct, which of the following would most likely be true concerning salt-affected areas in Victoria?
- A. Average soil salinity on certain hillside areas would be less than average soil salinity in adjacent valleys.
- B. The land in valley floors affected by salinization would tend to be waterlogged except in dry seasons.
- C. During a year of especially low rainfall, the salinity of the soil on the valley floor would decrease.
- D. Average soil salinity would be less before a rainfall than after a rainfall.
- E. The permeable layer of soil would be less thick than the impermeable layer.
正解: A
質問 203
On May 5th, 1997, the European edition of Business Tech Magazine led with Hoffman's cover story
"Internet Communities: How they're Shaping Electronic Commerce". This cover story highlights the extent to which the term virtual community has become almost synonymous with various forms of group-CMCs (computer mediated communication), including email-list forums, chat-systems such as IRC, web-based discussion areas and UseNet news-groups. There was no debate in the Business Tech Magazine article as to whether the group-CMC discussions are really 'communities', rather how community as opposed to content can be used to encourage people to return to a particular part of cyberspace for commercial gain.
In a similar vein, Simpson and Armstrong in "Internet Gain" argue that ignoring virtual communities would be a great loss of a marketing tool for businesses. They define virtual communities as computer mediated space where there is an integration of content and communication with an emphasis on member- generated content.
Not all virtual community commentators agree with the Spartan position taken by Hoffman. Rheingold, one of the prime popularizes of the term virtual community, provides us with a more emotive definition in his book The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. According to Rheingold, "virtual communities are social aggregations that emerge from the Net when enough people carry on those public discussions long enough, with sufficient human feeling, to form webs of personal relationships in cyberspace". Rheingold's definition is extremely popular and has been quoted in many discussions about virtual communities. As discussed below, for social scientists, particularly sociologists, Rheingold's definition raises many issues, especially concerning the notion of community. This is because Rheingold argues via a variety of analogies from the real world such as homesteading that virtual communities are indeed new forms of "community". In fact, Rheingold implies that virtual communities are actually "a kind of ultimate flowering of community". Moreover, Rheingold maintains that whenever computer mediated communications technology becomes available; people inevitably create communities with it. Rheingold can thus be labeled as a technological determinist as he holds that there is a predictable relationship between technology and people's behavior.
The debate over the validity of Rheingold's position has raised doubts about the existence of virtual communities and the appropriate use of the term. Weinreich claims that the idea of virtual communities must be wrong because community is a collective of kinship networks that share a common geographic region, a common history, and a shared value system, usually rooted in a common religion. In other words, Weinreich rejects the existence of virtual communities because group-CMC discussions cannot possibly meet his definition. In Weinreich's view, anyone with even a basic knowledge of sociology understands that information exchange in no way constitutes a community.
According to Simpson and Armstrong, virtual communities
- A. are an invaluable marketing tool for businesses.
- B. emphasize attracting new members through their use of absorbing content
- C. has become almost synonymous with various forms of group-CMCs
- D. are not as effective as content in encouraging people to return to a particular part of the Internet.
- E. are not really communities, but simply group-CMC discussions
正解: A
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
According to Simpson and Armstrong ignoring virtual communities would be a loss. In other word, virtual communities are invaluable. The word invaluable means very useful.
質問 204 
Television picture quality improves as resolution increases. However, the resolution at which a given improvement in resolution becomes visible varies with the distance of the viewer from the screen. As a viewer moves closer to the screen, a given improvement in resolution eventually becomes noticeable, finally conferring its "full benefit" at a point at which moving closer would not improve the viewing experience.
On the graph, 480p, 720p, 1080p, and 1440p represent four common degrees of resolution: greater numbers indicate greater numbers of pixels on the screen and thus greater resolution. Shaded portions show the distances at which these resolutions become noticeable, while the broken lines show the maximum distances at which a viewer with normal eyesight would be expected to experience full benefit-all as a function of screen size. For each resolution and screen size shown, there is a small gap between the maximum distance for full benefit from the resolution and the minimum distance for noticeable benefit from the next higher resolution.
(Note: 3 feet is roughly 1 meter, and 1 inch is roughly 2.5 centimeters.) Assuming that the information contained in the graphic correctly applies to all viewers, select from the drop-down menus the options making the statements most accurate.
正解:
解説:
720p, 25
質問 205
Firms adopting "profit-related-pay" (PRP) contracts pay wages at levels that vary with the firm's profits. In the metalworking industry last year, firms with PRP contracts in place showed productivity per worker on average 13 percent higher than that of their competitors who used more traditional contracts.
If, on the basis of the evidence above, it is argued that PRP contracts increase worker productivity, which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken that argument?
- A. Because introducing PRP contracts greatly changes individual workers' relationships to the firm, negotiating the introduction of PRP contracts is complex and time consuming.
- B. Results similar to those cited for the metalworking industry have been found in other industries where PRP contracts are used.
- C. Under PRP contracts costs other than labor costs, such as plant, machinery, and energy, make up an increased proportion of the total cost of each unit of output.
- D. In firms in the metalworking industry where PRP contracts are in place, the average take-home pay is
15 percent higher than it is in those firms where workers have more traditional contracts. - E. Many firms in the metalworking industry have modernized production equipment in the last five years, and most of these introduced PRP contracts at the same time.
正解: E
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
質問 206
The table gives Information about teacher absenteeism in 21 school systems worldwide for 2012-2013. For each school system, the table gives the country where It Is located, the number of teachers It employed m
2012-2013, the average number of days those teachers were absent, and the percent of those teachers who were chronically absent (absent 18 or more days).
For each of the following statements, select Yes if, based on the information provided, it can be inferred that the statement is true. Otherwise, select NO.
正解:
解説:
Explanation
質問 207
Named a member of the committee to draw up a Declaration of Independence, the basic draft was completed by Thomas Jefferson in a week.
- A. the basic draft was completed by Thomas Jefferson in a week.
- B. the basic draft was completed by Thomas Jefferson in a week.
- C. Thomas Jefferson in a week completed the basic draft.
- D. the basic draft Thomas Jefferson completed in a week.
- E. Thomas Jefferson completed the basic draft in a week.
正解: E
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The best answer is D.
The sentence starts with the adjectival phrase, Named a member of the committee to draw up a Declaration of Independence. That phrase is supposed to modify the noun that comes immediately after it, making A, B, and C incorrect. E is incorrect because in a week incorrectly comes between the noun and verb.
質問 208
Which of the following best completes the passage below?
The more worried investors are about losing their money, the more they will demand a high potential return on their investment; great risks must be offset by the chance of great rewards. This principle is the fundamental one in determining interest rates, and it is illustrated by the fact that______
- A. at any one time, a commercial bank will have a single rate of interest that it will expect all of its individual borrowers to pay
- B. lenders receive higher interest rates on unsecured loans than on loans backed by collateral
- C. the potential return on investment in a new company is typically lower than the potential return on investment in a well-established company
- D. in times of high inflation, the interest paid to depositors by banks can actually be below the rate of inflation
- E. successful investors are distinguished by an ability to make very risky investments without worrying about their money
正解: B
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
質問 209
Under laboratory conditions, fruit flies can learn to respond to odors that elicit no response from them in nature. Mutant fruit flies that cannot produce a certain enzyme are, however, incapable of such learning. These mutant flies respond to other odors just as ordinary fruit flies do.
Thus it is unlikely that the enzyme's absence impairs
the fruit flies' perception of odors, since presumably fruit flies would not have an enzyme that was needed only for the perception of odors that fruit flies do not respond to in nature. Given that many researchers believe that this enzyme is somehow involved in the process of forming memories, what the enzyme's absence probably impairs is the fruit flies' ability to learn.
In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
- A. The first is an objection that has been raised against the position adopted in the argument; the second presents an explicit assumption that is introduced in order to meet that objection.
- B. The first provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument; the second is a claim that has been advanced in order to undermine the force of that evidence.
- C. The first is a hypothesis that the argument seeks to establish; the second presents an explicit assumption that has been used in arguing for the position that the argument opposes.
- D. The first is a hypothesis that the argument seeks to establish; the second is an alternative hypothesis, which the argument provides grounds for rejecting.
- E. The first is a conclusion drawn about one possible explanation of the phenomenon at issue; the second presents an explicit assumption that is introduced to support that conclusion.
正解: A
質問 210
Job candidates are prescreened through using administrative plus management skills assessments.
- A. assessing their skills in administration and management
- B. with assessments of administrative and management skills
- C. by assessments of administration and of management skills
- D. through using administrative plus management skills assessments
- E. assessing administrative and managerial skills
正解: A
質問 211 
A scientist collected eight samples (Samples 1-8) from various surfaces in a laboratory to test for the presence of defferent types of bacteria For each of the samples, the graph shows the relative abundance of each of three types of bacteria (Bacteria X, Y, and Z) detected in the sample, as a percentage of all Bacteria X, Y, and Z detected In the sample.
Select the options from each drop-down menu that create the most accurate statement based on the information provided.
正解:
解説:
質問 212
The value of a product is determined by the ratio of its quality to its price. The higher the value of a product, the better will be its competitive position. Therefore, either increasing the quality or lowering the price of a given product will increase the likelihood that consumer will select that product rather than a competing one.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn above?
- A. Competing products often try to appeal to different segments of the population of consumers.
- B. For certain segments of the population of consumers, higher-priced brands of some product lines are preferred to the lower-priced brands.
- C. The competitive position of a product can be affected by such factors as advertising and brand loyalty.
- D. It is possible to increase both the quality and the price of a product without changing its competitive position.
- E. Consumers' perceptions of the quality of a product are based on the actual quality of the product.
正解: E
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
質問 213
Based on the passage, which of the following planets would likely appear darkest to a human being standing on its surface?
- A. A planet that has an atmosphere and is illuminated exclusively by an extremely cool star
- B. A planet that has an atmosphere and is illuminated exclusively by a star that emits approximately half of its light at frequencies in the visible spectrum
- C. An airless planet illuminated exclusively by an average temperature star that is not brightest at the yellow part of the spectrum
- D. An airless planet illuminated exclusively by a star that emits much of its light as ultraviolet light
- E. .A planet that has an atmosphere and is illuminated exclusively by an extremely hot star
正解: A
解説:
Explanation
Light exists on a spectrum of frequencies extending from gamma rays at the highest frequencies to radio waves at the lowest, though human eyes are sensitive to only a narrow range of frequencies in the middle known as the visible spectrum. The different colors we see correspond to the different frequencies of light within that range. Given that there are so many frequencies of light, one might wonder why our eyes didnt evolve to be sensitive to more frequencies.
Gamma rays from space collide with Earth's atmosphere, which converts some of their energy to heat and creates a distinctive cascade of subatomic particles down toward the ground. However, the rays themselves are entirety absorbed before they can reach Earth's surface. Thus, Earth would appear to be pitch black to eyes that were only sensitive to gamma rays. Similarly, the majority of frequencies of light that are higher or lower than those in the visible spectrum-such as ultraviolet and most infrared frequencies, respectively-are mostly or entirely absorbed by Earth's atmosphere.
One reason we see the frequencies we do is that visible-spectrum light generally passes through our atmosphere without being absorbed or reflected. Another reason is that the Sun, in some respects an average star, emits most of its light at frequencies in the visible spectrum, whereas a hot star emits most of Its light at ultraviolet frequencies and a very cool star emits most of its light at infrared frequencies. Indeed, to remarkably high precision, the human eye to most sensitive to the exact frequency in the yellow part of the spectrum at which the Sun is the brightest Even if there are living beings on other planets, it is not likely that they would see mainly at very different frequencies than we do. Virtually all gases that are abundant in the cosmos tend to allow frequencies in the visible spectrum to pass through while absorbing other frequencies, and all but the coolest stars put out much, If not most, of their light in the visible spectrum. If there are Irving beings on other planets, they probably see at roughly the same frequencies as we do, though there may be occasional exceptions.
質問 214
Employees that get a thorough medical examination twice a year take fewer sick days. Even employees who get examined only once a year take less sick time than those who do not get checked. Therefore, if companies instituted in-house medical examination programs, the absentee rate in those companies would decrease significantly.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
- A. Employees who are frequently absent are the least likely to cooperate with a corporate medical program.
- B. Employees who get examined in their company's in-house medical program use their working time no more productively than those who do not get examined.
- C. Employees who get medical examinations during working hours take slightly longer lunch breaks than employees who do not get examinations.
- D. Employees who get medical check ups during working hours occasionally feel ill for short periods of time after the examination.
- E. Employees who get a thorough medical examination once a week in their company's medical program usually also get checked by their private doctor.
正解: A
解説:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
The best answer is B.
The argument states that absenteeism would decrease if an in-house medical program were instituted. However, if those employees who are most frequently absent are least likely to get examined, then the program is unlikely to solve the problem of absenteeism
質問 215
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