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質問 # 14
What are the two classes of fire models?
- A. Physical and mathematical
- B. Behavioral and theoretical
- C. Field and laboratory
- D. Open and closed
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The two classes of fire models arephysical and mathematical. Physical fire models are scaled-down representations of real fire scenarios, using laboratory experiments and measurements to study the fire behavior and effects.Physical fire models can be used to test hypotheses, validate mathematical models, and provide empirical data for fire analysis1. Mathematical fire models are numerical or analytical solutions of the equations that govern the fire phenomena, such as heat transfer, fluid dynamics, combustion, and chemical kinetics.Mathematical fire models can be used to simulate fire scenarios, predict fire outcomes, and optimize fire protection systems2. There are two major categories of mathematical fire models: zone models and field models. Zone models divide the fire compartment into two or more homogeneous zones, such as upper and lower layers, and apply mass and energy conservation equations to each zone.Zone models are relatively simple, fast, and easy to use, but they have limitations in accuracy and applicability3. Field models solve the partial differential equations that describe the fire-driven fluid flow and heat transfer in three dimensions, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques.Field models are more detailed, realistic, and flexible, but they require more computational resources and expertise4.References:
Fire modelling with Computational Fluid Dynamics - BRE Group
Fire modeling programs | NIST
interFIRE, A site dedicated to improving fire investigation worldwide.
Computer Fire Models for Fire Investigation and Reconstruction
質問 # 15
Which foam extinguishing agent can be proportioned into final concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 6%?
- A. Protein Foaming Agents (P)
- B. Low-Temperature Foaming Agents
- C. Film-Forming Fluoroprotein Agents (FFFP)
- D. Aqueous Film-Forming Agents (AFFF)
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
Aqueous film-forming agents (AFFF) are synthetic foam concentrates that can be proportioned into final concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 6%, depending on the type of fuel and application method12. AFFF forms a thin aqueous film on the surface of the flammable liquid, which prevents vapor release and provides rapid fire knockdown and extinguishment3. AFFF is suitable for Class B fires involving hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, etc. References:
Fire Fighting Foams - Chemguard
Extinguishing foam: types, operation and application areas
[NFPA 11: Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion Foam]
質問 # 16
The travel distance limit for a new unsprinklered educational occupancy is
- A. 250 ft. (76 m).
- B. 200 ft. (61 m).
- C. 150 ft. (45 m).
- D. 175 ft.(53 m).
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
According to NFPA 101: Life Safety Code, 2018 Edition, the travel distance limit for a new unsprinklered educational occupancy is 175 ft. (53 m). This is the maximum distance that an occupant has to travel from any point within the building to reach an exit or exit access door. The travel distance limit for a new sprinklered educational occupancy is 250 ft. (76 m).These limits are based on the assumption that the building has at least two exits or exit access doors from each room or space12 References:
NFPA 101: Life Safety Code, 2018 Edition, Chapter 14
Deco DeD - I Dig Hardware
質問 # 17
Which factor plays a significant role in most industrial fire and explosion losses?
- A. Human
- B. External
- C. Process
- D. Mechanical
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The answer is C. Human factor plays a significant role in most industrial fire and explosion losses.According to a study by Allianz Global Corporate & Specialty (AGCS), human error is the cause of 80% of all industrial accidents, including fires and explosions1. Human error can include mistakes, negligence, violations, or sabotage. Some examples of human errors that can lead to fires and explosions are:
Improper handling or storage of flammable or combustible materials
Failure to follow safety procedures or regulations
Lack of training or supervision
Poor maintenance or inspection of equipment or machinery
Ignoring or disabling alarms or warning systems
Smoking or using open flames near hazardous areas
Intentional or accidental ignition of explosives or incendiaries
To prevent or reduce the impact of human errors, industrial facilities should implement effective risk management strategies, such as:
Providing regular and adequate training and education for workers and managers Establishing and enforcing clear and consistent safety policies and rules Conducting thorough and frequent audits and inspections Installing and maintaining reliable fire protection systems and equipment Developing and practicing emergency response and evacuation plans Encouraging a positive safety culture and communication among all stakeholders
質問 # 18
In a large-scale test organized by the Fire Protection Research Foundation (FPRF) to study the interaction between sprinklers, roof vents, and draft curtains, what factor made the test results difficult to interpret for use in field applications?
- A. The use of an exhaust to an abatement system
- B. External environmental forces on the test building
- C. The controlled nature of the tests
- D. The number of vents used during the tests
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The use of an exhaust to an abatement system during the large-scale tests made the test results difficult to interpret for use in field applications. The exhaust system was used to reduce the environmental impact of the tests, but it also altered the natural buoyancy-driven flow of the smoke and heat through the vents and draft curtains. This created a pressure difference between the inside and outside of the test building, which affected the performance of the sprinklers, vents, and draft curtains. Therefore, the test results may not accurately reflect the conditions that would occur in real buildings without an exhaust system.
References: Fire Protection Handbook, 20th Edition, Volume 1, Chapter 8, Section 8.3.11; Sprinkler, Smoke and Heat Vent, Draft Curtain Interaction: Large Scale Experiments and Modeling2.
質問 # 19
What is the maximum allowable travel distance from any part of a smoke compartment to the door in a smoke barrier in a new health care facility?
- A. 200 ft. (60 m).
- B. 150 ft. (46 m).
- C. 50 ft. (15 m).
- D. 100 ft.(30 m).
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The maximum allowable travel distance from any part of a smoke compartment to the door in a smoke barrier in a new health care facility is 200 ft. (60 m). This is based on NFPA 101: Life Safety Code, 2018 Edition, Chapter 18, Section 18.3.7.3, which states that "the travel distance from any point in a smoke compartment to reach a door in the required smoke barrier shall not exceed 200 ft (61 m)." A smoke compartment is a space within a building that is enclosed by smoke barriers on all sides, including the top and bottom. A smoke barrier is a continuous membrane, or a combination of materials, that is designed to restrict the movement of smoke.A smoke barrier door is a door assembly that is installed in a smoke barrier to allow access between smoke compartments123
質問 # 20
Probabilistic fire models are categorized into all of the following EXCEPT
- A. network.
- B. simulation.
- C. statistical.
- D. behavioral.
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
Probabilistic fire models are categorized into network, statistical, simulation, and behavioral models. Network models use graph theory to represent the fire spread and the fire protection system in a building. Statistical models use historical data and probability distributions to estimate the likelihood and consequences of fire scenarios. Simulation models use mathematical equations and numerical methods to describe the physical and chemical processes of fire and its effects on the environment and the occupants. Behavioral models use psychological and sociological theories to predict the human response and evacuation behavior in case of fire.
Network models are not a common category of probabilistic fire models, and they are not mentioned in the sources provided by the user. Therefore, network models are the correct answer.
References:Probabilistic Fire Simulation Assessment Using Simplified Model and Zone Modelling of a Kitchen Fire Scenario;Computer Fire Models for Fire Investigation and Reconstruction;Fire Behavior
質問 # 21
For wet-pipe automatic sprinkler systems, the only proper way to test the operation of a vane-type water flow alarm initiating device is to open the
- A. alarm test by-pass valve at the system's main riser.
- B. main (2 in. diameter) drain.
- C. check valve from the city connection.
- D. valve at the inspector's test connection.
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
valve at the inspector's test connection.
For wet-pipe automatic sprinkler systems, the only proper way to test the operation of a vane-type water flow alarm initiating device is to open the valve at the inspector's test connection. This is a small valve that is located at the end of a pipe that is connected to the sprinkler system, usually at the most remote or highest point. The inspector's test connection simulates the flow of a single sprinkler head and activates the vane-type water flow switch, which in turn triggers the fire alarm panel and the external alarm devices.Opening the valve at the inspector's test connection also allows the water to drain from the system, preventing corrosion and freezing1234 Opening the main (2 in. diameter) drain is not a proper way to test the operation of a vane-type water flow alarm initiating device, because it does not create enough flow to activate the switch. The main drain is used to drain the entire sprinkler system for maintenance or repair purposes, and it is usually located at the main riser or the fire department connection.Opening the main drain may also cause a pressure drop in the system, which could affect the performance of the sprinklers1234 Opening the alarm test by-pass valve at the system's main riser is not a proper way to test the operation of a vane-type water flow alarm initiating device, because it does not simulate the actual flow of a sprinkler head.
The alarm test by-pass valve is used to test the operation of the external alarm devices, such as the water motor gong or the electric bell, without activating the fire alarm panel. The alarm test by-pass valve is usually located near the alarm check valve or the water flow switch, and it allows water to flow through a small orifice to the alarm devices.Opening the alarm test by-pass valve does not create enough flow to activate the vane-type water flow switch1234 Opening the check valve from the city connection is not a proper way to test the operation of a vane-type water flow alarm initiating device, because it does not create any flow in the sprinkler system. The check valve from the city connection is used to prevent the backflow of water from the sprinkler system to the city water supply, and it is usually located at the fire department connection or the main riser.Opening the check valve from the city connection does not affect the water flow in the sprinkler system, and it does not activate the vane-type water flow switch1234 References:
Fire Sprinkler Flow Switch & Tamper Switch Inspection & Maintenance3
Sprinkler System Water Flow Device Testing - ORR Protection2
VSR-AT Auto-Test Waterflow Alarm Switch | Potter Electric4
WFDNA Series Vane-type Waterflow Detectors - Steel Fire Equipment5
質問 # 22
Which smoke detector type contains a small amount of radioactive material and functions by sensing a decrease in conductance of the air when smoke particles enter the chamber?
- A. lonization
- B. Photoelectric
- C. Light scattering
- D. Cloud chamber air sampling
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
Smoke detector
Explore
The smoke detector type that contains a small amount of radioactive material and functions by sensing a decrease in conductance of the air when smoke particles enter the chamber is theionization smoke detector.
Ionization smoke detectors use a small amount of americium-241, a radioactive element, to ionize the air molecules inside a sensing chamber. This creates a low-level electric current between two electrodes. When smoke enters the chamber, it disrupts the ionized air and reduces the current flow. This triggers the alarm to sound.Ionization smoke detectors are more sensitive to small particles of smoke, such as those produced by flaming fires1.However, they may also be more prone to false alarms from cooking or steam, and they require proper disposal of the radioactive source2.
References:
Smoke Detector Types: Which Type of Smoke Detector Is Best? - X-Sense
How Does Your Smoke Detector Work? - ThoughtCo
質問 # 23
What gas is liberated when magnesium shavings or chips come in contact with water?
- A. Acetylene
- B. Hydrogen
- C. Chlorine
- D. Oxygen
正解：B
質問 # 24
Which type of roof covering is most effective in preventing the spread of fires from flying brands?
- A. Class B
- B. Class C
- C. Class A
- D. Class D
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
Class A roof coverings are the most effective in preventing the spread of fires from flying brands. Flying brands are burning embers or pieces of combustible material that are carried by the wind and can ignite other combustible materials or structures. Class A roof coverings are tested to withstand severe fire exposure from simulated fire sources, such as large burning brands, and do not produce flying brands themselves. Class A roof coverings include materials such as asphalt shingles, metal sheets, clay or concrete tiles, slate, and some types of synthetic membranes12. References:
Class A, B, and C Roof Ratings - UL
Fire-Resistant Roofs - Fire Safe Marin
質問 # 25
Which type of heat detector automatically resets after operation, when the ambient temperature drops below the operating temperature?
- A. lonization
- B. Rate compensation
- C. Rate-of-Rise
- D. Electronic spot-type
正解：C
質問 # 26
The ignition temperature of acetylene gas is
- A. 325° F (163° C).
- B. 350° F (177° C).
- C. 425° F (218° C).
- D. .581° F (305° C).
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
Acetylene
Explore
The ignition temperature of acetylene gas is 581° F (305° C). This is the minimum temperature required to ignite a gas or vapor in air without a spark or flame being present. The ignition temperature of acetylene gas varies according to composition, initial pressure, initial temperature, and water vapor content.As a typical example, an air mixture containing 30 percent acetylene by volume at atmospheric pressure can be ignited at about 581 °F (305°C)1.
References:Fuels and Chemicals - Autoignition Temperatures - The Engineering ToolBox;Ignition Temperatures and Group Classifications for Flammable Gases and Vapors;Is Acetylene Flammable? - Firefighter Insider;Ignition temperature acetylene - Big Chemical Encyclopedia;Acetylene Gas- its Characteristics and Safety Requirements
質問 # 27
Response Time Index (RTI) is a value applicable to
- A. Amount of time required for water to reach the most remote sprinkler.
- B. Measure of thermal sensitivity of a sprinkler's activation.
- C. Measure of thermal sensitivity of a wet pipe sprinkler system's alarm device.
- D. Measure of thermal sensitivity of the air evacuation device of a dry pipe sprinkler system.
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
Response Time Index (RTI) is a measure of thermal sensitivity of a sprinkler's activation. It indicates how quickly the sprinkler responds to the heat from a fire. RTI is calculated by using the operating time, operating temperature, air temperature, air velocity, and conductivity factor of the sprinkler. RTI is independent of the gas velocity but depends on the properties of the sprinkler head such as mass, specific heat capacity andsurface area of the thermal sensing element. RTI is used to classify sprinklers into fast response or standard response categories.
References:The Basics of Sprinkler Thermal Characteristics | NFPA;Sprinkler Characteristics According to NFPA 13 - Fire Protection ...;Response time index (RTI) - Oil and Gas Drilling Glossary;RESPONSE TIME INDEX OF SPRINKLERS - Department of Building Environment ...
質問 # 28
All of the following must be demonstrated to prove professional negligence under standard of care EXCEPT
- A. damages or harm.
- B. owing of a duty.
- C. causation.
- D. breach of contract.
正解：D
質問 # 29
The minimum carbon dioxide design concentration for extinguishment of an ethylene fire is
- A. 49%.
- B. 40%
- C. 43%.
- D. 34%
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
The minimum carbon dioxide design concentration for extinguishment of an ethylene fire is43%. This is based on the cup burner method, which is a standard test to determine the flame extinguishing concentration of a gaseous agent for a liquid fuel. Ethylene is a flammable gas that can form a liquid under pressure. The cup burner method involves placing a liquid fuel in a metal cup with a central nozzle, and flowing a gaseous agent through the nozzle to create a diffusion flame. The gaseous agent is gradually increased until the flame is extinguished.The minimum concentration of the gaseous agent required to extinguish the flame is recorded as the flame extinguishing concentration1.According to a study by NIST, the flame extinguishing concentration of carbon dioxide for ethylene was found to be 43%1.This value is also consistent with the NFPA 12 standard, which specifies the minimum design concentrations of carbon dioxide for various fuels, including ethylene2.
質問 # 30
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