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質問 # 53
When using the Fire Safety Concept Tree to assess life safety for occupancies, the major categories of strategies include managing the fire, managing exposed occupants, and
- A. occupant notification.
- B. fire prevention.
- C. risk classification.
- D. emergency response.
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
The Fire Safety Concept Tree is a tool for systematically evaluating the fire safety performance of a building or occupancy. It consists of three main branches: fire prevention, fire protection, and fire safety management.
Fire prevention aims to eliminate or reduce the occurrence of fire. Fire protection aims to control or limit the fire development and spread, and to protect the exposed occupants and property. Fire safety management aims to ensure the effective operation and maintenance of the fire safety systems and the appropriate human behavior in case of fire. Emergency response is one of the subcategories of fire protection, which includes the actions of the fire department, the building staff, and the occupants to respond to the fire emergency.References:
質問 # 54
Large quantities of flammable or combustible liquids (all classes) are best transferred
- A. by gravity flow.
- B. using air pressure systems.
- C. through piping by pumps.
- D. using inert gas pressure systems.
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
Large quantities of flammable or combustible liquids (all classes) are best transferred through piping by pumps. This method minimizes the risk of spills, leaks, fires, and explosions that may occur when transferring liquids by other means, such as air pressure, inert gas pressure, or gravity flow. Piping systems should be designed, installed, operated, and maintained in accordance with NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code and other applicable standards. Piping systems should also include proper grounding and bonding, venting, and emergency shutoff devices to prevent static electricity, overpressure, and accidental release of liquids.
References: NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2021 Edition, Chapter 271; Fire Protection Handbook, 20th Edition, Volume 1, Chapter 8, Section 8.3.12.
質問 # 55
What type of load is the weight of items such as furnishings, people, and equipment?
- A. Static
- B. Dead
- C. Residual
- D. Live
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
The weight of items such as furnishings, people, and equipment is called dead load. Dead load is the permanent load that is applied to a structure or a component of a structure1. It includes the weight of the structure itself, as well as any fixed attachments or equipment2. Dead load is one of the factors that determines the fire resistance rating of a structure or a component3. References:
NFPA 557: Standard for Determination of Fire Loads for Use in Structural Fire Protection Design An Overview of Fire Protection for Structural Engineers SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 5th edition
質問 # 56
Building codes should limit the size of an unsprinklered facility used for the processing and storage of Municipal Solid Waste built of type V construction to how many square feet?
- A. 8,500
- B. 7,500
- C. 10,000
- D. 9,000
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
According to NFPA 230: Standard for the Fire Protection of Storage, 2015 Edition, building codes should limit the size of an unsprinklered facility used for the processing and storage of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) built of type V construction to 7,500 ft2 (697 m2). This is based on the assumption that the MSW has a heat release rate of 18,000 Btu/ft2-min (200 kW/m2) and a fire growth rate of 0.046 min-1.Type V construction is defined as a type of construction in which the structural elements, exterior walls, and interior walls are of any materials permitted by the code123 References:
NFPA 230: Standard for the Fire Protection of Storage
5 Types of Construction per the IBC | Building Code Trainer
2.4 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
質問 # 57
The ignition temperature of acetylene gas is
- A. 425° F (218° C).
- B. 325° F (163° C).
- C. 350° F (177° C).
- D. .581° F (305° C).
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
Acetylene
Explore
The ignition temperature of acetylene gas is 581° F (305° C). This is the minimum temperature required to ignite a gas or vapor in air without a spark or flame being present. The ignition temperature of acetylene gas varies according to composition, initial pressure, initial temperature, and water vapor content.As a typical example, an air mixture containing 30 percent acetylene by volume at atmospheric pressure can be ignited at about 581 °F (305°C)1.
References:Fuels and Chemicals - Autoignition Temperatures - The Engineering ToolBox;Ignition Temperatures and Group Classifications for Flammable Gases and Vapors;Is Acetylene Flammable? - Firefighter Insider;Ignition temperature acetylene - Big Chemical Encyclopedia;Acetylene Gas- its Characteristics and Safety Requirements
質問 # 58
The incident command system (ICS) under the National Incident Management System (NIMS) has how many major functional areas?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
正解：C
質問 # 59
Which type of construction consists of structural members of approved noncombustible or limited combustible materials with specified fire resistance ratings for exterior bearing walls of 3 or 4 hours?
- A. Type I
- B. Type III
- C. Type II
- D. Type IV
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The correct answer is A. Type I construction consists of structural members of approved noncombustible or limited combustible materials with specified fire resistance ratings for exterior bearing walls of 3 or 4 hours.
This is the highest level of fire resistance among the five types of construction defined by NFPA 220: Standard for Types of Building Construction.Type I construction is typically used for high-rise buildings made of concrete and protected steel12
質問 # 60
The coefficient of discharge of a fire hydrant when the outlet is smooth and well-rounded outlet is?
- A. 0.70.
- B. 0.82
- C. 0.90.
- D. 0.87
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
The coefficient of discharge of a fire hydrant when the outlet is smooth and well-rounded is 0.90. This is the highest coefficient given by NFPA 291 for fire hydrant outlets, and it means that the stream is almost as large as the outlet diameter. The coefficient of discharge is a factor that accounts for the difference between the actual flow and the theoretical flow from an orifice, based on the shape and condition of the outlet1. A lower coefficient means that the stream is more restricted and has a smaller cross-sectional area than the outlet. NFPA 291 provides three coefficients for fire hydrant outlets, depending on how the outlet projects into the barrel: 0.90 for smooth and well-rounded outlets, 0.80 for outlets with a hexagonal or square projection, and 0.70 for outlets with a long projection or adamaged edge2. The coefficient of discharge is used to calculate the flow rate from the pitot pressure measured at the centerline of the stream3. References:
Fire Fighting Foams - Chemguard
Guide to Hydrant Flow Testing | WSRB
New Fire Hydrant Flow Test Charts (PDF) - MeyerFire
質問 # 61
The minimum carbon dioxide design concentration for extinguishment of an ethylene fire is
- A. 43%.
- B. 40%
- C. 34%
- D. 49%.
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The minimum carbon dioxide design concentration for extinguishment of an ethylene fire is43%. This is based on the cup burner method, which is a standard test to determine the flame extinguishing concentration of a gaseous agent for a liquid fuel. Ethylene is a flammable gas that can form a liquid under pressure. The cup burner method involves placing a liquid fuel in a metal cup with a central nozzle, and flowing a gaseous agent through the nozzle to create a diffusion flame. The gaseous agent is gradually increased until the flame is extinguished.The minimum concentration of the gaseous agent required to extinguish the flame is recorded as the flame extinguishing concentration1.According to a study by NIST, the flame extinguishing concentration of carbon dioxide for ethylene was found to be 43%1.This value is also consistent with the NFPA 12 standard, which specifies the minimum design concentrations of carbon dioxide for various fuels, including ethylene2.
質問 # 62
What temperature measurement device consists of a pair of wires of different metals or alloys welded together at a point to form a junction to compare the voltage magnitude compared with a compensating junction at 0°C and the voltage difference calibrated to give the temperature in degrees?
- A. Thermocouple
- B. Liquid Expansion Thermometer
- C. Bimetallic Thermometer
- D. Pyrometer
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The correct answer is C. A thermocouple is a temperature measurement device that consists of a pair of wires of different metals or alloys welded together at a point to form a junction. The junction is exposed to the temperature to be measured, while the other end of the wires is connected to a reference junction at 0°C. The thermocouple produces a voltage difference between the two junctions that depends on the temperature difference.This voltage difference can be calibrated to give the temperature in degrees using a thermocouple table or a formula123
質問 # 63
What are the two classes of fire models?
- A. Physical and mathematical
- B. Field and laboratory
- C. Open and closed
- D. Behavioral and theoretical
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The two classes of fire models arephysical and mathematical. Physical fire models are scaled-down representations of real fire scenarios, using laboratory experiments and measurements to study the fire behavior and effects.Physical fire models can be used to test hypotheses, validate mathematical models, and provide empirical data for fire analysis1. Mathematical fire models are numerical or analytical solutions of the equations that govern the fire phenomena, such as heat transfer, fluid dynamics, combustion, and chemical kinetics.Mathematical fire models can be used to simulate fire scenarios, predict fire outcomes, and optimize fire protection systems2. There are two major categories of mathematical fire models: zone models and field models. Zone models divide the fire compartment into two or more homogeneous zones, such as upper and lower layers, and apply mass and energy conservation equations to each zone.Zone models are relatively simple, fast, and easy to use, but they have limitations in accuracy and applicability3. Field models solve the partial differential equations that describe the fire-driven fluid flow and heat transfer in three dimensions, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques.Field models are more detailed, realistic, and flexible, but they require more computational resources and expertise4.References:
Fire modelling with Computational Fluid Dynamics - BRE Group
Fire modeling programs | NIST
interFIRE, A site dedicated to improving fire investigation worldwide.
Computer Fire Models for Fire Investigation and Reconstruction
質問 # 64
Computers and other information technology equipment are particularly susceptible to
- A. foam, metal powders, and dry chemicals.
- B. light, hoselines, and airborn dust.
- C. heat, steam, and combustion products.
- D. special extinguishing agents.
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
Computers and other information technology equipment are particularly susceptible to heat, steam, and combustion products, which can damage their sensitive components, cause data loss or corruption, and impair their functionality.Therefore, fire protection for IT equipment should consider the potential sources of heat, steam, and combustion products, such as electrical faults, flammable liquids, dust accumulation, water-based sprinklers, or smoke from adjacent areas, and implement appropriate measures to prevent, detect, and suppress fires, as well as to minimize the exposure of IT equipment to these hazards1234.References:Standard for the Fire Protection of Information Technology Equipment;Fire Protection of Computer Rooms-Legal Obligations and Best Practices - ISACA;Exploring Requirements for Information Technology Equipment;Demystifying IT room protection requirements - Consulting.
質問 # 65
Environmental Protection Agency standards require solid waste be treated as hazardous if it is a listed waste and/or meets the characteristics prescribed by the standard for toxicity, reactivity, corrosivity, and
- A. solubility.
- B. lignitability.
- C. compactability.
- D. treatability.
正解：B
解説：
Explanation
Hazardous waste
Explore
The correct answer is C. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards require solid waste be treated as hazardous if it is a listed waste and/or meets the characteristics prescribed by the standard for toxicity, reactivity, corrosivity, andignitability.A listed waste is a waste that appears on one of the four lists of hazardous wastes in the Code ofFederal Regulations (CFR) part 261 subpart D1.A characteristic waste is a waste that exhibits one or more of the following traits: toxicity, reactivity, corrosivity, or ignitability2.
Toxicity is the ability of a waste to leach harmful chemicals into the environment. Reactivity is the tendency of a waste to undergo violent chemical reactions or generate toxic gases. Corrosivity is the property of a waste to corrode metals or damage living tissues.Ignitability is the capacity of a waste to catch fire under certain conditions2.These characteristics are defined by specific tests and criteria in the CFR part 261 subpart C3.The EPA standards for hazardous waste are based on the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), which is the federal law that regulates the management of solid and hazardous waste in the United States4.
質問 # 66
Fire tests typically relate to two types of fire properties, fire resistance and
- A. flame spread.
- B. smoke spread.
- C. length of fire.
- D. reaction to fire.
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
Fire tests typically relate to two types of fire properties, fire resistance and reaction to fire. Fire resistance is the ability of a building element or component to prevent the passage of heat and flames from one side to another, while reaction to fire is the response of a material or product in contributing to the development and spread of a fire. Fire resistance tests are usually performed on systems or assemblies, such as walls, floors, doors, or windows, while reaction to fire tests are usually performed on materials or products, such as sealants, insulation, cladding, or plastics.References:International Standards and Classifications for Fire Testing - Sika;Testing for Fire Resistance and Reaction to Fire - ICC NTA;'Reaction to Fire' Vs 'Fire resistance' - Ask HILTI;What is the difference between Reaction to Fire and Resistance to Fire ...;Reaction to Fire vs Resistance to Fire | Nullifire UK
質問 # 67
The two major principles used to determine egress width are the
- A. stair width and floor method.
- B. inverse and the evacuation method.
- C. flow and the capacity method.
- D. density and group method.
正解：C
質問 # 68
What is the maximum allowable travel distance from any part of a smoke compartment to the door in a smoke barrier in a new health care facility?
- A. 200 ft. (60 m).
- B. 100 ft.(30 m).
- C. 150 ft. (46 m).
- D. 50 ft. (15 m).
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The maximum allowable travel distance from any part of a smoke compartment to the door in a smoke barrier in a new health care facility is 200 ft. (60 m). This is based on NFPA 101: Life Safety Code, 2018 Edition, Chapter 18, Section 18.3.7.3, which states that "the travel distance from any point in a smoke compartment to reach a door in the required smoke barrier shall not exceed 200 ft (61 m)." A smoke compartment is a space within a building that is enclosed by smoke barriers on all sides, including the top and bottom. A smoke barrier is a continuous membrane, or a combination of materials, that is designed to restrict the movement of smoke.A smoke barrier door is a door assembly that is installed in a smoke barrier to allow access between smoke compartments123
質問 # 69
The maximum discharge time permitted for halocarbon clean agent systems is
- A. 30 seconds.
- B. 45 seconds.
- C. 10 seconds.
- D. 60 seconds.
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
The maximum discharge time permitted for halocarbon clean agent systems is10 seconds. This is the requirement of NFPA 2001, which is the standard for clean agent fire extinguishing systems.NFPA 2001 states that the discharge time for halocarbon agents shall not exceed 10 seconds, unless otherwise permitted by the authority having jurisdiction1. Halocarbon agents are synthetic compounds that contain carbon, fluorine, and sometimes other elements, such as hydrogen, chlorine, or bromine.Examples of halocarbon agents include HFC-227ea, HFC-125, and FK-5-1-122. Halocarbon agents work by absorbing heat and interrupting the chemical chain reaction of the fire.They are electrically nonconductive and leave no residue upon evaporation3.Halocarbon agents are suitable for protecting Class A, B, and C fires involving electrical equipment, flammable liquids, and ordinary combustibles4. The discharge time is the time required to release the agent from the storage containers to the protected enclosure.A short discharge time is important to achieve the design concentration of the agent before the fire grows or spreads5.References:
NFPA 2001: Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems
Clean Agent System Basics | NFPA
Fire Fighting Foams - Chemguard
Clean Agent Fire Suppression Systems | Fike
Category | Rotarex Firetec
質問 # 70
The maximum distance between hangers for an automatic fire sprinkler system for a threaded lightwall steel pipe of 2 in. diameter is
- A. 10 ft.
- B. 15 ft.
- C. 8 ft.
- D. 12 ft.
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
According to NFPA 13, Table 17.4.2.1 (a), the maximum distance between hangers for an automatic fire sprinkler system for a threaded lightwall steel pipe of 2 in. diameter is 10 ft. This is done to ensure that there are not long stretches of unsecured piping that could sag, leak, or break. The distance between hangers may vary depending on the type of pipe, the type of hanger, and the seismic design category of the building.References:NFPA 13, Table 17.4.2.1 (a);Hangers and Support of Sprinkler System Piping | NFPA | NFPA.
質問 # 71
Which of the following statements about smoke detectors is FALSE?
- A. Detectors using the photoelectric principle also use a small amount of radioactive material.
- B. Detectors using the ionization principle provide somewhat faster response to high-energy (open flaming) fires.
- C. Detectors using the cloud chamber principle also make use of the photoelectric principle.
- D. Detectors using the photoelectric principle provide somewhat faster response to low-energy (smoldering) fires.
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
Smoke detector
Explore
Detectors using the photoelectric principle do not use a small amount of radioactive material. This is a false statement about smoke detectors. Detectors using the photoelectric principle use a light source and a light sensor to detect the presence of smoke. When smoke enters the detection chamber, it scatters the light and triggers the alarm.Detectors using the photoelectric principle are more responsive to low-energy (smoldering) fires that produce large smoke particles12.
Detectors using the cloud chamber principle also use the photoelectric principle. This is a true statement about smoke detectors. Detectors using the cloud chamber principle usea sealed chamber that contains a supersaturated vapor. When smoke enters the chamber, it causes the vapor to condense into droplets that reflect light. The light is then detected by a photoelectric sensor that activates the alarm.Detectors using the cloud chamber principle are very sensitive to small smoke particles34.
Detectors using the ionization principle provide somewhat faster response to high-energy (open flaming) fires.
This is a true statement about smoke detectors. Detectors using the ionization principle use a small amount of radioactive material that ionizes the air in the detection chamber. When smoke enters the chamber, it reduces the ionization and the electric current. The drop in current is then detected by a circuit that activates the alarm.Detectors using the ionization principle are more responsive to high-energy (open flaming) fires that produce small smoke particles12.
Detectors using the photoelectric principle provide somewhat faster response to low-energy (smoldering) fires.
This is a true statement about smoke detectors. Detectors using the photoelectric principle use a light source and a light sensor to detect the presence of smoke. When smoke enters the detection chamber, it scatters the light and triggers the alarm.Detectors using the photoelectric principle are more responsive to low-energy (smoldering) fires that produce large smoke particles12.
質問 # 72
Which type of fire alarm system transmits signals that are permanently recorded at a constantly attended supervising station located either at the protected premises or at another location of the property owner?
- A. Central station
- B. Auxiliary
- C. Remote station
- D. Proprietary
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
A proprietary fire alarm system is a type of fire alarm system that transmits signals that are permanently recorded at a constantly attended supervising station located either at the protected premises or at another location of the property owner. A proprietary fire alarm system is owned and operated by the property owner or the owner's agent. A proprietary fire alarm system is intended to provide fire alarm service to a single property or a campus of related properties.References:
NFPA 72: National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code, 2019 Edition, Section 3.3.105.11 Fire Protection Handbook, 20th Edition, Volume 1, Chapter 7, Section 7.2.1.12
質問 # 73
The removal of flammable vapors by displacement for cleaning a storage tank can be accomplished by displacement with air, inert gas and
- A. water
- B. sodium bicarbonate
- C. earth
- D. absorbant
正解：A
解説：
Explanation
The removal of flammable vapors by displacement for cleaning a storage tank can be accomplished by displacement with air, inert gas, and water. Water is a common method of displacing flammable vapors from tanks, as it is readily available, inexpensive, and non-reactive with most fuels. Water can be sprayed into the tank to create a water seal that prevents the vapors from escaping and reduces the oxygen concentration in the tank. Water can also be used to rinse the tank walls and remove any residual fuel. However, water displacement may not be suitable for some tanks that contain water-sensitive or water-soluble fuels, or for tanks that have limited drainage or disposal facilities.
References:ust permanent closure requirements - Nevada;A Guide to Safety in Confined Spaces - CDC Stacks;Fire Explosion Prevention - Visual Encyclopedia of Chemical Engineering ...
質問 # 74
When should the data of a pre-incident plan be evaluated?
- A. During an incident
- B. Before an incident
- C. During post incident critique
- D. After an incident
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
The data of a pre-incident plan should be evaluated after an incident, as part of the post incident critique or analysis. This is to assess the accuracy, completeness, and usefulness of the pre-incident plan, and to identify any changes or updates needed based on the lessons learned from the incident.Evaluating the pre-incident plan after an incident can also help improve the emergency response performance and the fire safety management of the site.References:123
質問 # 75
To be considered a family day-care home, what is the maximum allowable number of clients?
- A. Two
- B. Four
- C. Twelve
- D. Six
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
The maximum allowable number of clients for a family day-care home varies by state and territory, but generally ranges from four to six children unrelated to the operator. A family day-care home is a facility in which a small group of children receive child care services in the provider's own home, such as a house, apartment, or condo unit1. To ensure a safe care environment, states and territories use child care licensing regulations to limit the number of children, as well as the number of infants and toddlers, that can receive care in a family day-care home1. Some states and territories may also offer certification or registration to help ensure some basic health and safety standards in certain home-based child care programs1. To learn more about how your state or territory regulates family day-care homes, you can visit the child care consumer education website and child care resource and referral agency for your state or territory1. References:
Family Child Care Homes | Childcare.gov
質問 # 76
What type of fire pump has a pressure range that can exceed 300 psi (2,068 kPa)?
- A. Horizontal-end suction
- B. Split case
- C. Suction in-line
- D. Vertical turbine
正解：C
解説：
Explanation
Fire pump
Explore
A suction in-line fire pump has a pressure range that can exceed 300 psi (2,068 kPa). This type of pump is a centrifugal pump that is installed in a vertical position with the suction and discharge connections in the same line. The pump is designed to handle high pressures and flows, and it is suitable for high-rise buildings and other applications that require high head.According to NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection, a suction in-line fire pump can have a rated pressure of up to 360 psi (2,482 kPa)1.The other types of fire pumps mentioned in the question have lower pressure ranges, as shown in the table below2:
Type of fire pump
Pressure range (psi)
Pressure range (kPa)
Horizontal-end suction
40 to 150
276 to 1,034
Split case
40 to 150
276 to 1,034
Vertical turbine
40 to 150
276 to 1,034
Suction in-line
40 to 360
276 to 2,482
References:NFPA 20: Fire pump design | Consulting - Specifying Engineer;Understanding the Basics of Fire Pumps | Pumps & Systems
質問 # 77
Power for driving fire pumps is selected on the basis of reliability, adequacy, economy, and
- A. adaptability.
- B. efficiency.
- C. ecology.
- D. safety.
正解：D
解説：
Explanation
Fire pump
Explore
The correct answer is B.Safety is one of the criteria for selecting the power source for driving fire pumps, according to NFPA 20, Chapter 9.1.1.11. Reliability, adequacy, and economy are the other criteria mentioned in the same chapter. Efficiency, adaptability, and ecology are not explicitly stated as criteria in NFPA 20, although they may be considered as secondary factors in some cases.
1:Pump Installation: Everything About Electric and Diesel Driven Fire ...
質問 # 78
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