無料CIPS L4M2試験問題と解答トレーニングを提供しています
トップクラスCIPS L4M2オンライン問題集
CIPS L4M2試験では、利害関係者分析の重要性、要件の収集技術、さまざまなツールとテクニックを使用してビジネスニーズを特定し、優先順位を付ける方法など、幅広いトピックをカバーしています。また、候補者は、プロジェクト計画を作成および管理する能力、およびリスク管理と変更管理に関する知識についてもテストされます。
CIPS L4M2認定試験は、ビジネスニーズの定義に関連する幅広いトピックをカバーする包括的な試験です。要件の収集と分析、利害関係者管理、ビジネスプロセスモデリング、ソリューション評価などのトピックが含まれています。この試験は世界的に認識されており、ビジネス分析の分野で候補者の専門知識と能力を実証する業界標準認定です。この試験に合格すると、候補者の知識とスキルが向上するだけでなく、新しいキャリアの機会を開き、雇用市場で競争力を提供します。
CIPS L4M2試験は、ビジネス要件の特定、ビジネスケースの開発、データの分析、そして効果的な調達戦略の作成など、広範囲なトピックをカバーしています。コースはインタラクティブで、現実世界のシナリオで実践的な経験を提供するように設計されています。このアプローチにより、学習者は職場で習得した知識を適用するために必要な実践的なスキルを身に付けることができます。
質問 # 29
A "modified re-buy" means ...
- A. The specification should not be considered for future treatment as a stock item because of the modification
- B. The existing supplier should be asked to supply the requirement because it is a modified re-buy of the same item
- C. The existing specifications should be reviewed but not the supply market, as this type of purchase is complex
- D. Both the specification and the market should be reviewed to manage the new circumstances
正解：D
質問 # 30
Which of the following is a risk to buying organization when using conformance specification?
- A. Buyer is responsible for product failure
- B. Buyer cannot control the inputs
- C. Buyer may face liquidity risks
- D. Time to produce specification is shortened
正解：A
解説：
When using conformance specification, the buying organisation is responsible for the performance of the purchase. If the product fails due to poorly designed specification, the buyer is wholly responsible for it. It cannot blame the supplier for the failure because they still provided 'fit for purpose' product.
'Time to produce specification is shortened': Conformance specification requires details on dimen-sion, materials, design, etc. With such requirements, time to produce a complete conformance specification is often longer than producing performance specification.
'Buyer cannot control the inputs': Conformance specification is a list of inputs from buyer, so buyer has control over the inputs that will make the product. It also means that buyer is responsible for any product failure.
'Buyer may face liquidity risks': Liquidity means that how quick a business turns its assets into cash. This is a financial term, it does not link directly with specification failure.
質問 # 31
In Kano model, which of the following types of requirement should be excluded from the product or service?
- A. Attractive requirements
- B. Reverse requirements
- C. Performance requirements
- D. Must-be requirements
正解：B
解説：
Kano model of excitement and basic quality (Kano et al, 1984; Berger et al, 1993; Matzler et al, 1996) brings a different perspective for the analysis of improvement opportunities in products and services because it takes in consideration the asymmetrical and non-linear relationship between performance and satisfaction. The Kano model classifies customers requirements in three categories (figure 3):
a) Basic Requirements (or Must-be requirement). The basic requirements fulfill the basic func-tions of a product. If they are not present or their performance is insufficient, customers will be extremely dissatisfied.
On the other hand, if they are present or have sufficient performance, they don't bring satisfaction. Customers see them as prerequisites. For instance, for luxury automobiles, "air bags" are considered basic. A customer won't feel satisfied if the automobile has "air bag", however he/she will not buy it if "air bag" is not present.
b) Performance Requirements (or One-dimensional requirements). As for these requirements, satisfaction is proportional to the performance level - the higher the performance, the higher the customer's satisfaction will be and vice-versa. Gas consumption in automobiles is an example of these requirements. Usually customers explicitly demand performance requirements.
c) Excitement Requirements (or Attractive requirements). These requirements are key to cus-tomer satisfaction. If they are present or have sufficient performance, they will bring superior satisfaction. On the other hand, if they are not present or their performance is insufficient, customers will not get dissatisfied. For instance, a surprise gift at the end of a dinner in a restaurant will certainly bring satisfaction, but it will not cause dissatisfaction if not offered. These requirements are not demanded nor expected by customers.
Two other types of requirements may be identified in the Kano model: neutral and reverse ones. Neutral requirements do not bring either satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Reverse require-ments bring more satisfaction if absent than if present.
Diagram Description automatically generated
質問 # 32
Daytona Ltd is developing a new product which is more environmental friendly. Though the objectives are set, the project team has no idea on which functions will be customers' favourites. Which of the following will help them decide the 'should-have' functions of the new product?
- A. Kano model
- B. Six Sigma
- C. Taguchi method
- D. Thomas-Kilmann model
正解：A
解説：
The Kano model is useful in gaining a thorough understanding of a customer's needs. You can translate and transform the resulting verbatims using the voice of the customer table that, subse-quently, becomes an excellent input as the whatsin a quality function deployment (QFD) House of Quality.
The model involves two dimensions:
Achievement (the horizontal axis), which goes from the supplier didn't do it at all to the supplier did it very well.
Satisfaction (the vertical axis), which goes from total dissatisfaction with the product or service to total satisfaction with the product or service.
Dr. Noriaki Kano isolated and identified three levels of customer expectations: that is, what it takes to positively impact customer satisfaction. The figure below portrays the three levels of need: expected, normal, and exciting.
The Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI) is a conflict style inventory, which is a tool developed to measure an individual's response to conflict situations.
Genichi Taguchi, a Japanese engineer, proposed several approaches to experimental designs that are sometimes called "Taguchi Methods." These methods utilize two-, three-, and mixed-level fractional factorial designs. Large screening designs seem to be particularly favored by Taguchi adherents.
Six Sigma is a method that provides organizations tools to improve the capability of their business processes.
This increase in performance and decrease in process variation helps lead to defect re-duction and improvement in profits, employee morale, and quality of products or services.
Source:
- CIPS study guide page 171-172
- WHAT IS THE KANO MODEL?
LO 3, AC 3.4
質問 # 33
Which of the following are the focuses of ISO 14001:2015?
- A. 1 and 2 only
- B. 3 and 4 only
- C. 1. Life cycle
2. Process
3. Capacity
4. Information security
2 and 4 only - D. 2 and 3 only
正解：A
解説：
ISO 14001:2015 specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an or-ganization can use to enhance its environmental performance. ISO 14001:2015 is intended for use by an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability.
ISO 14001:2015 helps an organization achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental man-agement system, which provide value for the environment, the organization itself and interested parties. Consistent with the organization's environmental policy, the intended outcomes of an environmental management system include:
* enhancement of environmental performance;
* fulfilment of compliance obligations;
* achievement of environmental objectives.
ISO 14001:2015 is applicable to any organization, regardless of size, type and nature, and applies to the environmental aspects of its activities, products and services that the organization determines it can either control or influence considering a life cycle perspective. ISO 14001:2015 does not state specific environmental performance criteria.
ISO 14001:2015 can be used in whole or in part to systematically improve environmental manage-ment. Claims of conformity to ISO 14001:2015, however, are not acceptable unless all its require-ments are incorporated into an organization's environmental management system and fulfilled without exclusion.
In conclusion, ISO 14001:2015 focuses on: management system (including roles, leadership and processes) and the life cycle of product or service. Life cycle is defined as "consecutive and inter-linked stages of a product (or service) system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to final disposal. [...] The life cycle stages include acquisition of raw materials, design, production, transportation/ delivery, use, end-of-life treatment and final disposal." The answer is process and life cycle.
Reference:
- ISO 14001:2015 Environmental management systems - Requirements with guidance for use LO 3, AC 3.1
質問 # 34
Bob is a new procurement specialist at XYZ Ltd. He is assigned to categorise the company's sup-plies. After analysing, Bob realises that a group of low value products is sourced from a tiny geo-graphical area which is prone to flooding. What would be the best strategy to manage this category of products?
- A. Source this group of products from only one supplier
- B. Assign some of procurement jobs to user department
- C. Form partnership relationship with the current supplier
- D. Find an alternative source to secure supply
正解：D
解説：
In the scenario, the products have low value and high risk of supply. This group is known as bottleneck or critical in Kraljic's portfolio matrix. The objective for such items would be securing the supply. The company can achieve this goal by 'making' the products themselves, or finding an alternative option.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.1
質問 # 35
A drawing is an example of...?
- A. Output specifications
- B. Statements of work
- C. Technical specifications
- D. Outcome specifications
正解：C
解説：
A technical specification details the standards that a product or service must meet. Drawings (often called engineering drawings or technical drawings) are complementary to technical specifications
質問 # 36
A procurement manager is discussing with other stakeholders about the scope and the implementation of the upcoming construction project. A stakeholder argues that the construction projects are often risky as the overall scope of the work can't be accurately estimated from the beginning. Furthermore, the project spans over a long period, the costs of materials can fluctuate widely. The procurement manager suggests that the pricing structure should be able to cover the supplier's costs plus 10% markup on total costs. This arrangement is known as...?
- A. Cost-plus fixed-fee
- B. Cost-plus incentive fee contracts
- C. Cost-plus Fixed percentage
- D. Cost-plus award fee
正解：C
解説：
As you can see from the scenario, the procurement manager is suggesting to use cost plus pricing arrangement.
A cost-plus contract is an agreement to reimburse a company for expenses incurred plus a specific amount of profit, usually stated as a percentage of the contract's full price. These type of contracts are primarily used in construction where the buyer assumes some of the risk but also provides a degree of flexibility to the contractor.
Cost-plus contracts can be separated into four categories. They each allow for the reimbursement of costs as well as an additional amount for profit:
1. Cost-plus award fee contracts allow the contractor to be awarded a fee usually for good per-formance.
2. Cost-plus fixed-fee contracts cover both direct and indirect costs, in addition to a fixed fee.
3. Cost-plus incentive fee contracts happen when the contractor is given a fee if his or her perfor-mance meets or exceeds expectations.
4. Cost-plus percent-of-cost contracts allow the amount of reimbursement to rise if the contrac-tor's costs rise.
In the scenario, the procurement manager suggests a pricing structure that covers supplier's costs and adds 10% markup. This is cost-plus fixed-percentage.
Reference:
- Cost-Plus Contract Definition (investopedia.com)
- CIPS study guide page 30-36
LO 1, AC 1.2
質問 # 37
A charity is reviewing their spend and budget after an operation in flooded areas. They realise that the operators save money against the budgeting plan. This saving is known as...?
- A. Negative variance
- B. Positive variance
- C. Positive budget
- D. Negative budget
正解：A
解説：
The difference between the actual spend and budgeted spend is known as variance. The formula for variance is:
Variance = Actual spend - Budgeted spend
Variances can be adverse/unfavourable or favourable ie they can be positive or negative.
Be very careful with these terms. A positive or a negative variance may be favourable or it may be adverse/ unfavourable.
Adverse variances
Adverse variances are those variances that are unfavourable to the firm. Examples would be sales below plan; costs above budget, cash receipts lower than expected, and overtime payment more than forecast.
Favourable variances
Favourable variances are those variances that are beneficial to the business. Examples would be sales ahead of plan, costs below budget, and wages below forecast.
Positive variance
A positive variance occurs where 'actual' exceeds 'planned' or 'budgeted' value. Examples might be actual sales are ahead of the budget.
Negative variance
A negative variance occurs where 'actual' is less than 'planned' or 'budgeted' value. Examples would be when the raw materials cost less than expected, sales were less than predicted, and labour costs were below the budgeted figure.
When the operators create saving, it means that the Actual spend is less than Budgeted spend. Therefore the variance is negative.
Reference:
- Variance analysis
- CIPS study guide page 57-59
LO 1, AC 1.4
質問 # 38
Which of the following specific markets engage in creation, liquidation and change of ownership of stock?
- A. Agriculture
- B. Retail
- C. Construction
- D. Financial
- E. Manufacturing
正解：D
解説：
According to Investopedia, the financial services sector provides financial services to people and corporations. This segment of the economy is made up of a variety of financial firms includ-ing banks, investment houses, lenders, finance companies, real estate brokers, and insurance com-panies. As noted above, the financial services industry is probably the most important sector of the economy, leading the world in terms of earnings and equity market capitalization. Large conglomerates dominate this sector, but it also includes a diverse range of smaller companies.
According to the finance and development department of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), financial services are the processes by which consumers or businesses acquire financial goods. For example, a payment system provider offers a financial service when it accepts and transfers funds between payers and recipients.
This includes accounts settled through credit and debit cards, checks, and electronic funds transfers.
Companies in the financial services industry manage money. For instance, a financial advi-sor manages assets and offers advice on behalf of a client. The advisor does not directly provide investments or any other product, rather, they facilitate the movement of funds between savers and the issuers of securities and other instruments. This service is a temporary task rather than a tangible asset.
Financial goods, on the other hand, are not tasks. They are things. A mortgage loan may seem like a service, but it's actually a product that lasts beyond the initial provision. Stocks, bonds, loans, commodity assets, real estate, and insurance policies are examples of financial goods.
質問 # 39
Total cost of ownership of a solar panel is $5,000 and it is expected that the panel will make a sav-ing of $1,000 each year. So it would take 5 years for the benefits to repay the investment. Therefore, the firm plans to keep the solar panel for at least 5 years. Is payback period calculation right for making the business decision?
- A. No, because payback period can be only used to calculate the depreciation of a fixed asset
- B. Yes, because payback period shows how long the firm recovers the investment
- C. No, because payback period doesn't take into account price fluctuations
- D. Yes, because it takes everything into account
正解：B
解説：
There are many factors that need to be considered when making a business decision. Costs and benefits are among those factor. To estimate the length of time in which an investment reaches a break-even point, businesses often use the payback period. The payback period refers to the amount of time it takes to recover the cost of an investment.
'Yes, because it takes everything into account': It ignores the time value of money (TVM), unlike other methods of capital budgeting such as net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and discounted cash flow.
'No, because payback period doesn't take into account price fluctuations': Though it doesn't take into account price fluctuation, payback period is still useful in financial and capital budgeting.
'No, because payback period can be only used to calculate the depreciation of a fixed asset': Payback period only calculates the length of time in which the benefits of a charge repay its costs.
LO 1, AC 1.3
質問 # 40
What is the contribution of marketing function to the development of specification?
- A. Marketing ensures that conformance specification will never be used
- B. Marketing consults on technical requirements of the product
- C. Marketing provides ideas on customer's taste and market trends
- D. Marketing ensures that procurement function doesn't involve in developing specification
正解：C
解説：
Marketing plays a critical role in sales. The marketing department introduces products to the con-sumer, and creates strategic messaging that elevates appeal and ultimately drives sales. The feed-back and response from consumers is measured by the marketing team on a variety of levels. Ad-vertising is one means of seeing what performs and what does not perform. Marketers will note trends and demand in their specific markets. This plays into new product development, because the marketing team can work with product developers to create products based on that demand.
In development of specification, the role of marketing is largely the same. They provide the market insight so that right specification is developed and it matches the demands from customers.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 173-175
- Role of Marketing Management in New Product Development (chron.com)
LO 3, AC 3.4
質問 # 41
Which of the following specific markets is most likely to have product shortage by nature?
- A. Financial
- B. Agriculture
- C. Retail
- D. Services
- E. Construction
正解：B
解説：
Products used in agriculture can be subject to shortage due to natural disasters.
質問 # 42
Which of the following is an assumption of Kano model?
- A. All types of customer requirements have the same impact on customer satisfaction
- B. All customer requirements are basic requirements
- C. Different types of customer requirements have different impact on customer satisfaction
- D. The relationship between product functionality and customer satisfaction is always linear
正解：C
解説：
Kano model of excitement and basic quality (Kano et al, 1984; Berger et al, 1993; Matzler et al, 1996) brings a different perspective for the analysis of improvement opportunities in products and services because it takes in consideration the asymmetrical and non-linear relationship between performance and satisfaction. The Kano model classifies customers requirements in three categories (figure 3):
a) Basic Requirements. The basic requirements fulfill the basic functions of a product. If they are not present or their performance is insufficient, customers will be extremely dissatisfied. On the other hand, if they are present or have sufficient performance, they don't bring satisfaction. Customers see them as prerequisites. For instance, for luxury automobiles, "air bags" are considered basic. A customer won't feel satisfied if the automobile has "air bag", however he/she will not buy it if "air bag" is not present.
b) Performance Requirements. As for these requirements, satisfaction is proportional to the performance level - the higher the performance, the higher the customer's satisfaction will be and vice-versa. Gas consumption in automobiles is an example of these requirements. Usually customers explicitly demand performance requirements.
c) Excitement Requirements. These requirements are key to customer satisfaction. If they are pre-sent or have sufficient performance, they will bring superior satisfaction. On the other hand, if they are not present or their performance is insufficient, customers will not get dissatisfied. For instance, a surprise gift at the end of a dinner in a restaurant will certainly bring satisfaction, but it will not cause dissatisfaction if not offered. These requirements are not demanded nor expected by customers.
Two other types of requirements may be identified in the Kano model: neutral and reverse ones. Neutral requirements do not bring either satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Reverse requirements bring more satisfaction if absent than if present.
Reference:
- Integrating Kano model and QFD for Designing New Products
- CIPS study guide page 171-172
質問 # 43
Which of the following are typical environmental considerations throughout the contract life cycle? Select the TWO that apply.
- A. Modern slavery
- B. Inequality
- C. Waste management
- D. Health and safety
- E. Pollution control
正解：C、E
解説：
All procurement has some level of impact on the environment that needs to be minimised to ensure sustainable procurement practices.
The greatest opportunity to influence environmental outcomes is by selecting products and services with the least ongoing environmental impacts, such as use of water, electricity and fuel, waste/disposal management, and impact on human health over the life of the product or service.
Lifecycle stages that impact on the environment:
Most goods and services will have an element of environment impact in a number of areas. The five main impact areas are listed in the following table.
Source: Buying for Victoria
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.2
質問 # 44
One of the disadvantages of using standards in specification is that...
- A. Standards tend to be rigid and they often don't encourage innovation
- B. Standards don't allow the buyers to add health and safety requirements into the specification
- C. Standards tend to be inaccurate and ambiguous, causing confusion among suppliers
- D. Standards lengthen the time to produce a specification
正解：A
解説：
Using standards in specification is very convenient. They reduce the time and effort to produce. They tend to be very accurate with correct technical terminologies. They are well recognised and accepted by a wide range of suppliers and buyers. However, since a standard is very specific, complex and lengthy, it requires a lot of time to be drafted and approved. Therefore, standard tends to be static and don't encourage innovation. It may also not accommodate latest technology and trends.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.1
質問 # 45
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