初心者向けのL4M2試験 [2025] 問題集でCIPSのPDF問題
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CIPS L4M2（ビジネスニーズの定義）認定試験は、ビジネス分析の分野でキャリアを進めたいと考えている個人向けに設計されたプロフェッショナル認定試験です。この認定試験は、調達およびサプライチェーン管理で働く個人に認定、トレーニング、ネットワーキングの機会を提供する世界的に有名なプロフェッショナル団体であるChartered Institute of Procurement and Supply（CIPS）によって提供されています。
質問 # 128
Which of these are advantages of using a conformance specification? Select TWO that apply.
- A. It forces consideration of actual product needs
- B. It enables supplier flexibility and product innovation
- C. There is a smaller supplier base to select from
- D. It enables value-for-money solutions
- E. It provides evidence of requirements if there is a dispute
正解：A、E
質問 # 129
Apple's CPO is planning a budget for purchasing carbon-free aluminium next year. There are 27.4 tonnes of aluminum in stock, while Apple will need 200 tonnes for production next year and double inventory for production in the following year. How much aluminum will Apple need to purchase in next year?
- A. 227.4 tonnes
- B. 117.8 tonnes
- C. 282.2 tonnes
- D. 172.6 tonnes
正解：A
解説：
The quantity of aluminium Apple needs to buy is calculated as follows:
Quantity needed for production + the inventory needed at the end of the year - inventory at start of the year That formula is quantified as: 200 + 54.8 - 27.4 = 227.4
質問 # 130
Which of the following are typical environmental considerations throughout the contract life cycle? Select the TWO that apply.
- A. Waste management
- B. Modern slavery
- C. Inequality
- D. Health and safety
- E. Pollution control
正解：A、E
解説：
All procurement has some level of impact on the environment that needs to be minimised to ensure sustainable procurement practices.
The greatest opportunity to influence environmental outcomes is by selecting products and services with the least ongoing environmental impacts, such as use of water, electricity and fuel, waste/disposal management, and impact on human health over the life of the product or service.
Lifecycle stages that impact on the environment:
Diagram Description automatically generated
Most goods and services will have an element of environment impact in a number of areas. The five main impact areas are listed in the following table.
Graphical user interface, text, application, email Description automatically generated
Source: Buying for Victoria
質問 # 131
Which of the following is a risk to buying organization when using conformance specification?
- A. Buyer is responsible for product failure
- B. Buyer cannot control the inputs
- C. Buyer may face liquidity risks
- D. Time to produce specification is shortened
正解：A
解説：
When using conformance specification, the buying organisation is responsible for the performance of the purchase. If the product fails due to poorly designed specification, the buyer is wholly responsible for it. It cannot blame the supplier for the failure because they still provided 'fit for purpose' product.
'Time to produce specification is shortened': Conformance specification requires details on dimen-sion, materials, design, etc. With such requirements, time to produce a complete conformance specification is often longer than producing performance specification.
'Buyer cannot control the inputs': Conformance specification is a list of inputs from buyer, so buyer has control over the inputs that will make the product. It also means that buyer is responsible for any product failure.
'Buyer may face liquidity risks': Liquidity means that how quick a business turns its assets into cash. This is a financial term, it does not link directly with specification failure.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.1
質問 # 132
When preparing through-life specification, which of the following requirements should procure-ment team define besides the physical asset? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Logistics and installation
- B. Objectives
- C. Available substitute
- D. Market analysis
- E. Customer service
正解：A、E
解説：
Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
Diagram, table Description automatically generated
Source: Andrew Graves
With through-life management, buyer not only cares about the physical asset but also other factors like customer services and maintenance.
質問 # 133
Which of the following positively affects a buyer's company cash flow? Select TWO that apply:
- A. A customer agrees to pay the buyer's company upon purchase
- B. A supplier reduces its payment terms to payment on receipt
- C. Payment of dividends to the buyer company shareholders
- D. Buyer's company offers sales discounts and promotions
- E. The bank grants a loan to the buyer's company
正解：A、E
解説：
Detailed Explanation:
* A (Customer payment upon purchase): Immediate payments improve cash flow.
* D (Loan): Loans provide cash inflow, though they may increase liabilities.Options like supplier payment on receipt (C) negatively impact cash flow, and sales promotions (B) may increase expenses.
Reference: CIPS Level 4, Financial Management in Procurement.
質問 # 134
XYZ Ltd operates in the plumbing and heating industry. The company has developed and patented a new range of alternative products, using a different material from conventional brass that offers substantial cost savings. XYZ Ltd plans to launch the full range of new products. Will this change the impact on competitive forces in the market?
- A. Yes, this development has created substitute products
- B. No, this development does not impact buyer bargaining power
- C. No, this development does not impact supplier bargaining power
- D. Yes, this development has created the threat of new entrants
正解：A
質問 # 135
Builder Inc is a rapidly expanding business in construction sector. Due to an increase in projects, it cannot manage the flow of materials by Excel spreadsheets but by more dedicated software. Who would be a key internal stakeholder in defining software compatibility with company's current system?
- A. Executive team
- B. Procurement team
- C. Finance team
- D. IT team
正解：D
解説：
Internal stakeholders may contribute to defining needs and drafting the specification by using their technical expertise. In this scenario, IT team may consult procurement team on the technical specification of the software, including compatibility with company's current IT system.
質問 # 136
A buyer can use sources of information to review indirect costs associated with the manufacture of goods to support supplier negotiations. Is this statement true?
- A. No, because the supplier's quotation is the only source of information
- B. Yes, because indirect costs are always variable
- C. No, because the only information available is for direct costs
- D. Yes, because the buyer can understand the cost build-up of the goods
正解：D
解説：
Detailed Explanation:Analyzing both direct and indirect costs helps buyers understand cost structures and negotiate effectively. Indirect costs, like overheads, can be identified through supplier data and market benchmarks, aiding in cost transparency. Reference: CIPS Level 4, Cost Management and Negotiation.
質問 # 137
Company A sells a product for $100. The total unit variable costs are $60. Fixed costs as in its ac-count are
$20,000. How many products does the company have to sell to achieve break-even point?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
正解：C
解説：
Break even point = Fixed costs/(Price-variable cost). In this case, break even point = 20,000/(100-60) = 500
質問 # 138
After a project, the procurement team at CLK Ltd meets up and summarises on the performance. They see that they actually spent $5,000 less than planned budget. The team tries to identifies why there is such difference. This activity is known as...?
- A. Cash flow analysis
- B. Rolling budget
- C. Cost modelling
- D. Variance analysis
正解：D
解説：
The procurement team in the scenario is analysing the difference between the plan and actual spend. This activity is known as variance analysis. The sum of all variances gives a picture of the overall over- performance or under-performance for a particular reporting period. For each item, companies assess their favorability by comparing actual costs to standard costs in the industry.
For example, if the actual cost is lower than the standard cost for raw materials, assuming the same volume of materials, it would lead to a favorable price variance (i.e., cost savings). However, if the standard quantity was 10,000 pieces of material and 15,000 pieces were required in production, this would be an unfavorable quantity variance because more materials were used than anticipated.
質問 # 139
When procuring a machinery, at which stage buyer must check whether it is working to the stand-ards set out in the design specification?
- A. Maintenance and repair activities
- B. Customer support
- C. Installation
- D. Manufacture
正解：C
解説：
Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
Source: Andrew Graves
The installation stage occurs in In-Service Operations. At this stage, the machinery is shipped and installed on the buyer's premises and check to ensure that it is working to the standards set out in the design specification.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.2
質問 # 140
Which of the following are likely to be disadvantages of using outcome-based specifications? Select THREE that apply
- A. Stifling innovation
- B. Difficulty to measure performance
- C. Ambiguity of outcome
- D. Responsibility for product failure falling to buyer
- E. Time consuming to produce
- F. Long time delay between action and result
正解：B、C、F
解説：
An Outcome Based Specification (OBS) focuses on the desired outcome of a service in business terms, rather than a detailed technical specification of how the service is to be provided; this allows providers scope to propose innovative solutions that might not have occurred to the procurement team. Outcome should be distinguished from output, which is the measurable results of a set of inputs. The example of difference between outcome and output is written at the bottom of page 123 in the study guide.
Outcomes should be the starting point in making new specification. However, using outcome-based specification has some setbacks:
- First, it is not easy to measure the outcomes. Usually, outcome of a project is a statement like 'increase customer satisfaction', 'maintain ambient temperature' or 'provide a convenient way to do something'. They are not easy to measure as output.
- Second, sometimes the desired outcomes require time to be materialised
- Third, outcomes can be ambiguous
Reference:
LO3, AC 3.1
質問 # 141
Which of the following may allow suppliers free to choose the materials, manufacturing process or delivery process?
- A. Conformance specification
- B. Design specification
- C. Performance specification
- D. Technical specifications
正解：C
解説：
The Performance Specifications define what the system being designed must do, and not how it must do it. In this step a list of needs and wants should be created. The needs are customer requirements, while the wants are engineering desires. If a buyer adopts performance specification, the supplier will be free to choose how to make and deliver the product.
A technical specification document outlines how you're going to address a technical problem by designing and building a solution for it.
A design specification is a detailed document providing a list of points regarding a product or pro-cess. For example, the design specification could include required dimensions, environmental fac-tors, ergonomic factors, aesthetic factors, maintenance that will be needed, etc. It may also give specific examples of how the design should be executed, helping others work properly (a guideline for what the person should do).
With conformance specification the buyer says what they want and how they want it and the supplier has to meet this Reference:
LO3, AC 3.1
質問 # 142
Which of the following specific markets is most likely to have product shortage by nature?
- A. Financial
- B. Agriculture
- C. Retail
- D. Construction
- E. Services
正解：B
解説：
Products used in agriculture can be subject to shortage due to natural disasters.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.1
質問 # 143
How can a procurement department meet the business needs when purchasing leverage items?
- A. Developing long-term relationships such as partnerships
- B. Developing effective contracts such as call-off contracts
- C. Developing efficient order processes such as e-procurement
- D. Developing buying power such as competitive tendering
正解：D
質問 # 144
Which of the following areas is specified by ISO/IEC 27001 family?
- A. Evaluation and assessment of mutual agreed customer food safety requirements
- B. The dimensions and associated tolerances for a series of housings for piston seals
- C. The requirements for an environmental management system
- D. The requirements for an information security management system
正解：D
解説：
ISO/IEC 27001 is widely known, providing requirements for an information security management system (ISMS), though there are more than a dozen standards in the ISO/IEC 27000 family. Using them enables organizations of any kind to manage the security of assets such as financial infor-mation, intellectual property, employee details or information entrusted by third parties.
LO 3, AC 3.1
質問 # 145
Buyers are more powerful than the supplier when they are purchasing from monopoly market. Is this statement true?
- A. True, suppliers in monopoly market produce homogenous products
- B. False, buyer will lack negotiating power on cost if the supplier has a monopoly in the market
- C. True, in monopoly market, buyer's switching costs from the incumbent supplier to an-other are relatively low
- D. False, the buyer will be unable to track and manage supplier's performance
正解：B
解説：
A monopoly is a market with a single seller (called the monopolist) but with many buyers. In this market, the bargaining power of supplier is higher than of buyer since the supplier is the only seller.
質問 # 146
Andrew is responsible for procurement of capital assets at Lumber Ltd. He is devising new business case for the purchase of a new band saw. The purchase price of the saw is $50,000. Andrew estimates that the machine will generate $10,000 per year of net cash flow. What is the payback period of this band saw?
- A. 10 years
- B. 4 years
- C. 5 years
- D. 3 years
正解：C
解説：
Payback period is the time in which the initial outlay of an investment is expected to be recovered through the cash inflows generated by the investment. It is one of the simplest investment apprais-al techniques.
Since cash flow estimates are quite accurate for periods in the near future and relatively inaccurate for periods in distant future due to economic and operational uncertainties, payback period is an indicator of risk inherent in a project because it takes initial inflows into account and ignores the cash flows after the point at which the initial investment is recovered.
The formula to calculate the payback period of an investment depends on whether the periodic cash inflows from the project are even or uneven.
If the cash inflows are even (such as for investments in annuities), the formula to calculate payback period is:
Payback Period = Initial Investment / Net Cash Flow per Period
When cash inflows are uneven, we need to calculate the cumulative net cash flow for each period and then use the following formula:
Payback Period =A + (B/C)
Where,
A is the last period number with a negative cumulative cash flow;
B is the absolute value (i.e. value without negative sign) of cumulative net cash flow at the end of the period A; and C is the total cash inflow during the period following period A Cumulative net cash flow is the sum of inflows to date, minus the initial outflow.
質問 # 147
Royal Navy is preparing a through-life contract. They put to the contract a term on rectification of operational defects and planning and delivery of Fleet Time Support Periods. Which part of through-life requirement does this term belong to?
- A. Installation
- B. Customer support
- C. In-service support
- D. Manufacture
正解：C
解説：
There are 6 main components of the through-life requirements of an asset: Design, Manufacture, Installation, In-service support, Decommission and disposal and Customer support.
Rectification of operational defects and planning and delivery of Fleet Time Support Periods are maintenance activities which belong to in-service support. You may have chosen Customer support. However, in through- life asset management context, customer support does not include maintenance services. Instead, it is the services that go along the stages of asset life. It may include consulting, communication and information exchange.
Diagram, table Description automatically generated
Source: Andrew Graves
質問 # 148
Procurement provides the following information to a business case ...
- A. Internal recruitment requirements
- B. Service level requirements
- C. Estimated costs of bought-in goods
- D. Engineering specifications
正解：C
質問 # 149
Which of the following are characteristics of effective financial markets?
* Market stability is maintained
* Market volatility is encouraged
* Investment is encouraged
* The level of regulation is reduced
- A. 3 and 4 only
- B. 1 and 2 only
- C. 2 and 4 only
- D. 1 and 3 only
正解：D
質問 # 150
A procurement manager includes provision on recovery from natural disaster into a through-life specification.
Some suppliers suppose that provision is unnecessary. Is procurement manager's action justified?
- A. Yes, because natural disaster may cause risks in organisation's supply chain
- B. Yes, because the regulations require contract to have recovery provision
- C. No, because this provision will incur unnecessary cost to supplier
- D. No, because with current technology, natural disaster can't disrupt supply chain.
正解：A
解説：
Risks like natural disasters - fire, flood, or weather-related event, and cyber-attacks can disrupt the supply chain seriously. Threats and disruptions mean a loss of revenue and higher costs, which leads to a drop in profitability. And businesses can't rely on insurance alone because it doesn't cover all the costs and the customers who move to the competition. Risks must be identified early and supplier should have a plan that ensures continuous operations during disasters.
There are several steps many companies must follow to develop a solid business continuity plan. They include:
- Business Impact Analysis: Here, the business will identify functions and related resources that are time- sensitive. (More on this below.)
- Recovery: In this portion, the business must identify and implement steps to recover critical business functions.
- Organization: A continuity team must be created. This team will devise a plan to manage the disruption.
- Training: The continuity team must be trained and tested. Members of the team should also complete exercises that go over the plan and strategies.
質問 # 151
A drawing is an example of...?
- A. Technical specifications
- B. Statements of work
- C. Outcome specifications
- D. Output specifications
正解：A
解説：
A technical specification details the standards that a product or service must meet. Drawings (often called engineering drawings or technical drawings) are complementary to technical specifications
質問 # 152
When preparing through-life specification, which of the following requirements should procure-ment team define besides the physical asset? Select TWO that apply.
- A. Logistics and installation
- B. Objectives
- C. Available substitute
- D. Market analysis
- E. Customer service
正解：A、E
解説：
Through-life Management involves the life-cycle management of the products, services and activities required to deliver a fully integrated capability to the customer, while reducing the cost of ownership for the customer.
Diagram, table Description automatically generated
Source: Andrew Graves
With through-life management, buyer not only cares about the physical asset but also other factors like customer services and maintenance.
質問 # 153
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