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2025年最新のリアルISA-IEC-62443問題集テストエンジン試験問題はここにある
質問 # 14
What is a commonly used protocol for managing secure data transmission over a Virtual Private Network
(VPN)?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. MPLS
- B. SSH
- C. IPSec
- D. HTTPS
正解：C
質問 # 15
What are the four main categories for documents in the ISA-62443 (IEC 62443) series?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Assessment. Mitigation. Documentation, and Maintenance
- B. End-User, Integrator, Vendor, and Regulator
- C. General. Policies and Procedures. System, and Component
- D. People. Processes. Technology, and Training
正解：C
質問 # 16
Authorization (user accounts) must be granted based on which of the following?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Specific roles
- B. Individual preferences
- C. System complexity
- D. Common needs for large groups
正解：A
質問 # 17
Which is a physical layer standard for serial communications between two or more devices?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. RS435
- B. RS235
- C. RS232
- D. RS432
正解：C
解説：
RS232 is a physical layer standard for serial communication between two or more devices. It defines the electrical characteristics, timing, and pinout of connectors for serial data transmission. RS232 is widely used in industrial communication devices, such as PLCs, measuring instruments, and network servers. RS232 allows only one master and one slave to communicate on each line, and operates in a full duplex mode. RS232 haslower transmission speed, shorter maximum cable length, and larger voltage swing than later standards such as RS422 and RS485123 References: 1: Basics of RS232, RS422, and RS485 Serial Communication 2: RS-232 - Wikipedia 3: RS232 Serial Communication Protocol: Basics, Working & Specifications
質問 # 18
Why is patch management more difficult for IACS than for business systems?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Patching a live automation system can create safety risks.
- B. Many more approvals are required.
- C. Overtime pay is required for technicians.
- D. Business systems automatically update.
正解：A
解説：
Patch management is the process of applying software updates to fix security vulnerabilities, improve functionality, or enhance performance. Patch management is an essential part of cybersecurity, as unpatched systems can be exploited by malicious actors. However, patch management for industrial automation and control systems (IACS) is more challenging than for business systems, because patching a live automation system can create safety risks. According to the ISA/IEC 62443 standards, patching an IACS may have the following potential impacts1:
* Patching may introduce new vulnerabilities or errors that compromise the availability, integrity, or confidentiality of the IACS.
* Patching may affect the functionality or performance of the IACS, causing unexpected or undesired behavior, such as process shutdowns, slowdowns, or failures.
* Patching may require downtime or reduced operation of the IACS, which may affect production, quality, or profitability.
* Patching may require additional resources, such as personnel, equipment, or testing facilities, which may not be readily available or affordable.
Therefore, patch management for IACS requires careful planning, testing, and validation before applying patches to the operational environment. The ISA/IEC 62443 standards provide guidance and best practices for patch management in the IACS environment, such as1:
* Establishing a patch management program that defines roles, responsibilities, policies, and procedures
* for patching IACS components and systems.
* Identifying and prioritizing the IACS assets that need patching, based on their criticality, vulnerability, and risk level.
* Evaluating and verifying the patches for compatibility, functionality, and security before applying them to the IACS.
* Implementing and documenting the patching process, including backup, recovery, and rollback procedures, in case of patch failure or adverse effects.
* Monitoring and auditing the patching activities and outcomes, and reporting any issues or incidents.
References: 1: ISA TR62443-2-3 - Security for industrial automation and control systems, Part 2-3: Patch management in the IACS environment
質問 # 19
Which communications system covers a large geographic area?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Storage Area Network
- B. Wide Area Network (WAN)
- C. Campus Area Network (CAN)
- D. Local Area Network (LAN)
正解：B
質問 # 20
Which statement is TRUE regarding Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Modern IDS recognize IACS devices by default.
- B. They are very inexpensive to design and deploy.
- C. They are effective against known vulnerabilities.
- D. They require a small amount of care and feeding
正解：C
解説：
Intrusion detection systems (IDS) are tools that monitor network traffic and detect suspicious or malicious activity based on predefined rules or signatures. They are effective against known vulnerabilities, as they can alert the system administrators or security personnel when they encounter a match with a known attack pattern or behavior. However, IDS have some limitations and challenges, especially when applied to industrial automation and control systems (IACS). Some of these are:
* Modern IDS do not recognize IACS devices by default, as they are designed for general-purpose IT networks and protocols. Therefore, they may generate false positives or negatives when dealing with IACS-specific devices, protocols, or traffic patterns. To overcome this, IDS need to be customized or adapted to the IACS environment and context, which may require additional expertise and resources.
* They are not very inexpensive to design and deploy, as they require careful planning, configuration, testing, and maintenance. They also need to be integrated with other security tools and processes, such as firewalls, antivirus, patch management, incident response, etc. Moreover, they may introduce additional costs and risks, such as network performance degradation, data privacy issues, or legal liabilities.
* They are not effective against unknown or zero-day vulnerabilities, as they rely on predefined rules or signatures that may not cover all possible attack scenarios or techniques. Therefore, they may fail to detect novel or sophisticated attacks that exploit new or undiscovered vulnerabilities. To mitigate this, IDS need to be complemented with other security measures, such as anomaly detection, threat intelligence, or machine learning.
* They require a significant amount of care and feeding, as they need to be constantly updated, tuned, and monitored. They also generate a large amount of data and alerts, which may overwhelm the system administrators or security personnel. Therefore, they need to be supported by adequate tools and processes, such as data analysis, alert filtering, prioritization, correlation, or visualization.
References: ISA/IEC 62443-2-1:2010 - Establishing an industrial automation and control system security program, ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2013 - System security requirements and security levels, ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Training Course, [Enhancing Modbus/TCP-Based Industrial Automation and Control Systems Security Using Intrusion Detection Systems]
質問 # 21
Which layer specifies the rules for Modbus Application Protocol
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Data link layer
- B. Session layer
- C. Application layer
- D. Presentation layer
正解：C
解説：
The Modbus Application Protocol is a messaging protocol that provides client/server communication between devices connected on different types of buses or networks. It is positioned at level 7 of the OSI model, which is the application layer. The application layer is the highest level of the OSI model and defines the rules and formats for data exchange between applications. The Modbus Application Protocol is independent of the underlying communication layers and can be implemented using different transport protocols, such as TCP/IP, serial, or Modbus Plus. The Modbus Application Protocoldefines the function codes, data formats, and error codes for Modbus transactions123 References:
* MODBUS APPLICATION PROTOCOL SPECIFICATION V1
* Modbus - Wikipedia
* Overview of Modbus - EPICS support for Modbus - GitHub Pages
質問 # 22
Which of the following is an element of monitoring and improving a CSMS?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Review of system logs and other key data files
- B. Restricted access to the industrial control system to an as-needed basis
- C. Increase in staff training and security awareness
- D. Significant changes in identified risk round in periodic reassessments
正解：A
質問 # 23
Which of the following is a trend that has caused a significant percentage of security vulnerabilities?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. IACS developing into a network of air-gapped systems
- B. IACS using equipment designed for measurement and control
- C. IACS evolving into a number of closed proprietary systems
- D. IACS becoming integrated with business and enterprise systems
正解：D
質問 # 24
Which of the following are the critical variables related to access control?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Account management and monitoring
- B. Reporting and monitoring
- C. Password strength and change frequency
- D. Account management and password strength
正解：D
質問 # 25
Which is the BEST practice when establishing security zones?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Assets within the same logical communication network should be in the same security zone.
- B. All components in a large or complex system should be in the same security zone.
- C. Security zones should align with physical network segments.
- D. Security zones should contain assets that share common security requirements.
正解：D
質問 # 26
Which of the following is an activity that should trigger a review of the CSMS?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Budgeting
- B. Security incident exposing previously unknown risk.
- C. New technical controls
- D. Organizational restructuring
正解：B、C、D
解説：
According to the ISA/IEC 62443-2-1 standard, a review of the CSMS should be triggered by any changes that affect the cybersecurity risk of the industrial automation and control system (IACS), such as new technical controls, organizational restructuring, or security incidents1. Budgeting is not a trigger for CSMS review, unless it impacts the cybersecurity risk level or the CSMS itself2. References: 1: ISA/IEC 62443-2-1:2010, Section 4.3.3.3 2: A Practical Approach to Adopting the IEC 62443 Standards, ISAGCA Blog3
質問 # 27
Who must be included in a training and security awareness program?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Temporary staff
- B. Vendors and suppliers
- C. All personnel
- D. Employees
正解：C
解説：
Modbus over Ethernet, also known as Modbus/TCP, is a protocol that encapsulates the Modbus/RTU data string inside the data section of the TCP frame. It then sets up a client/server exchange between nodes, using TCP/IP addressing to establish connections1. This makes it easy to manage in a firewall, because the firewall can filter the traffic based on the source and destination IP addresses and the TCP port number. The default TCP port for Modbus/TCP is 502, but it can be changed if needed. Modbus/TCP does not use any other ports or protocols, so the firewall rules can be simple and specific. References:
* 8: Open Modbus/TCP Specification, RTA Automation, 2010.
* [9]: Modbus Application Protocol Specification V1.1b3, Modbus Organization, 2012.
質問 # 28
What are the connections between security zones called?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Firewalls
- B. Conduits
- C. Tunnels
- D. Pathways
正解：B
質問 # 29
What are the two sublayers of Layer 2?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. HIDS and NIDS
- B. OPC and DCOM
- C. LLC and MAC
- D. VLAN and VPN
正解：C
解説：
Layer 2 of the OSI model is the data link layer, which is responsible for transferring data frames between nodes on a network segment. The data link layer is divided into two sublayers: logical link control (LLC) and media access control (MAC). The LLC sublayer deals with issues common to both dedicated and broadcast links, such as framing, flow control, and error control. The MAC sublayer deals with issues specific to broadcast links, such as how to access the shared medium and avoid collisions. The LLC and MAC sublayers are not related to the ISA/IEC 62443 cybersecurity standards, which focus on the security of industrial automation and control systems (IACS). References:https://www.baeldung.com/cs/data-link-sub-layers
https://bing.com/search?q=Layer+2+sublayers
質問 # 30
The Risk Analysis category contains background information that is used where?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. (Elements external to the CSMS
- B. Only the Risk ID element
- C. Only the Assessment element
- D. Many other elements in the CSMS
正解：D
解説：
The Risk Analysis category contains background information that is used to identify and assess the risks associated with the cyber-physical system (CPS) under consideration. This information includes the system description, the threat model, the vulnerability analysis, the risk assessment method, and the risk acceptance criteria. The Risk Analysis category is used as an input for many other elements in the CSMS, such as the Risk ID, Risk Reduction, Risk Acceptance, and Risk Monitoring elements. The Risk Analysis category provides the basis for the risk management process and helps to ensure a consistent and systematic approach to cybersecurity in the CPS. References:
* Using the ISA/IEC 62443 Standards to Secure Your Control System, page 13
* [ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Study Guide], page 34
質問 # 31
Which of the following are the critical variables related to access control?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Account management and monitoring
- B. Reporting and monitoring
- C. Password strength and change frequency
- D. Account management and password strength
正解：D
解説：
Access control is the process of granting or denying specific requests to obtain and use information and related information processing services. It is one of the foundational requirements (FRs) of the ISA/IEC 62443 standards for securing industrial automation and control systems (IACSs). According to the ISA/IEC
62443-3-3 standard, access control includes the following system requirements (SRs):
* SR 1.1: Identification and authentication control
* SR 1.2: Use control
* SR 1.3: System integrity
* SR 1.4: Data confidentiality
* SR 1.5: Restricted data flow
* SR 1.6: Timely response to events
* SR 1.7: Resource availability
Among these SRs, the ones that are most related to the critical variables of account management and password strength are SR 1.1 and SR 1.2. SR 1.1 requires that the IACS shall provide the capability to uniquely identify and authenticate all users, processes, and devices that attempt to establish a logical connection to the system.
This means that the IACS should have a robust account management system that can create, modify, delete, and monitor user accounts and their privileges. It also means that the IACS should enforce strong password policies that can prevent unauthorized access or compromise of user credentials. Password strength refers to the level of difficulty for an attacker to guess or crack a password. It depends on factors such as length, complexity, randomness, and uniqueness of the password.
SR 1.2 requires that the IACS shall provide the capability to enforce the use of logical connections in accordance with the security policy of the organization. This means that the IACS should have a mechanism to control the access rights and permissions of users, processes, and devices based on their roles, responsibilities, and needs. It also means that the IACS should have a mechanism to audit and log the activities and events related to access control, such as successful or failed login attempts, password changes, privilege escalations, or unauthorized actions.
Therefore, account management and password strength are the critical variables related to access control, as they directly affect the identification, authentication, and authorization of users, processes, and devices in the IACS.
References:
* ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2013, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 3-3: System security requirements and security levels1
* ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Certificate Program2
* ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Library3
* Using the ISA/IEC 62443 Standards to Secure Your Control Systems4
質問 # 32
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