2025年最新の100%無料ISA-IEC-62443日常練習試験には90問があります
ISA-IEC-62443試験資料ISA学習ガイド
質問 # 27
Which is the PRIMARY responsibility of the network layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Gives transparent transfer of data between end users
- B. Provides the rules for framing, converting electrical signals to data
- C. Handles the physics of getting a message from one device to another
- D. Forwards packets, including routing through intermediate routers
正解：D
質問 # 28
Which factor drives the selection of countermeasures?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Output from a risk assessment
- B. System design
- C. Security levels
- D. Foundational requirements
正解：A
質問 # 29
Which statement is TRUE reqardinq application of patches in an IACS environment?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Patches never should be applied in an IACS environment.
- B. Patches should be applied based on the organization's risk assessment.
- C. Patches should be applied within one month of availability.
- D. Patches should be applied as soon as they are available.
正解：B
解説：
Patches are software updates that fix bugs, vulnerabilities, or improve performance or functionality. Patches are important for maintaining the security and reliability of an IACS environment, but they also pose some challenges and risks. Applying patches in an IACS environment is not as simple as in an IT environment, because patches may affect the availability, integrity, or safety of the IACS. Therefore, patches should not be applied blindly or automatically, but based on the organization's risk assessment. The risk assessment should consider the following factors: 1
* The severity and likelihood of the vulnerability that the patch addresses
* The impact of the patch on the IACS functionality and performance
* The compatibility of the patch with the IACS components and configuration
* The availability of a backup or recovery plan in case the patch fails or causes problems
* The testing and validation of the patch before applying it to the production system
* The communication and coordination with the stakeholders involved in the patching process
* The documentation and auditing of the patching activities and results References: ISA TR62443-2-3 - Security for industrial automation and control systems, Part 2-3: Patch management in the IACS environment
質問 # 30
Which is a role of the application layer?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Provides the mechanism for opening, closing, and managing a session between end-user application processes
- B. Includes user applications specific to network applications such as email, file transfer, and reading data registers in a PLC
- C. Delivers and formats information, possibly with encryption and security
- D. Includes protocols specific to network applications such as email, file transfer, and reading data registers in a PLC
正解：C、D
解説：
The application layer is the topmost layer of the OSI model, which provides the interface between the user and the network. It includes protocols specific to network applications such as email, file transfer, and reading data registers in a PLC. These protocols deliver and format information, possibly with encryption and security, to ensure reliable and meaningful communication between different applications. The application layer does not include user applications, which are separate from the network protocols. The application layer also does not provide the mechanism for opening, closing, and managing a session between end-user application processes, which is the function of the session layer. References:
* ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Study Guide, page 181
* Using the ISA/IEC 62443 Standards to Secure Your Control System, page 82 The application layer in network protocols, such as in the OSI model or the TCP/IP protocol suite, is primarily responsible for providing services directly to user applications. This layer is involved in:
* Option A: Including protocols specific to network applications such as email, file transfer, and industrial protocols like reading data registers in a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). This is a core function of the application layer as it facilitates specific high-level networking capabilities.
* Option D: Delivering and formatting information, which can include encryption and ensuring the security of data as it is transmitted across the network. This includes protocols like HTTP for web browsing which can encrypt data via HTTPS, SMTP for secure email transmission, and FTP for secure file transfer.
質問 # 31
What is the FIRST step required in implementing ISO 27001?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Create a security management organization.
- B. Define an information security policy.
- C. Perform a security risk assessment.
- D. Implement strict security controls.
正解：C
解説：
The first step in implementing ISO 27001, an international standard for information security management systems (ISMS), is to perform a security risk assessment. This initial step is critical as it helps identify the organization's information assets that could be at risk, assess the vulnerabilities and threats to these assets, and evaluate their potential impacts. This risk assessment forms the foundation for defining appropriate security controls and measures tailored to the organization's specific needs. Starting with a risk assessment ensures that the security controls implemented are aligned with the actual risks the organization faces, making the ISMS more effective and targeted.ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals References:
* Although ISO 27001 is not part of ISA/IEC 62443, it shares common principles in cybersecurity management by starting with a comprehensive understanding and assessment of security risks, which is a fundamental aspect in both standards for setting up effective security practices.
質問 # 32
Which of the following ISA-99 (IEC 62443) Reference Model levels is named correctly?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Level 1: Supervisory Control
- B. Level 4: Process
- C. Level 2: Quality Control
- D. Level 3: Operations Management
正解：D
質問 # 33
Which of the following is a recommended default rule for IACS firewalls?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Allow traffic directly from the IACS network to the enterprise network.
- B. Allow IACS devices to access the Internet.
- C. Allow all traffic by default.
- D. Block all traffic by default.
正解：D
解説：
A recommended default rule for IACS firewalls is to block all traffic by default, and then allow only the necessary and authorized traffic based on the security policy and the zone and conduit model. This is also known as the principle of least privilege, which means granting the minimum access required for a legitimate purpose. Blocking all traffic by default provides a higher level of security and reduces the attack surface of the IACS network. The other choices are not recommended default rules for IACS firewalls, as they may expose the IACS network to unnecessary risks. Allowing all traffic by default would defeat the purpose of a firewall, as it would not filter any malicious or unwanted traffic. Allowing IACS devices to access the Internet would expose them to potential cyber threats, such as malware, phishing, or denial-of-service attacks. Allowing traffic directly from the IACS network to the enterprise network would bypass the demilitarized zone (DMZ), which is a buffer zone that isolates the IACS network from the enterprise network and hosts services that need to communicate between them. References:
* ISA/IEC 62443 Standards to Secure Your Industrial Control System training course1
* ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Study Guide2
* Using the ISA/IEC 62443 Standard to Secure Your Control Systems3
質問 # 34
Why is patch management more difficult for IACS than for business systems?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Many more approvals are required.
- B. Patching a live automation system can create safety risks.
- C. Business systems automatically update.
- D. Overtime pay is required for technicians.
正解：B
解説：
Patch management is the process of applying software updates to fix security vulnerabilities, improve functionality, or enhance performance. Patch management is an essential part of cybersecurity, as unpatched systems can be exploited by malicious actors. However, patch management for industrial automation and control systems (IACS) is more challenging than for business systems, because patching a live automation system can create safety risks. According to the ISA/IEC 62443 standards, patching an IACS may have the following potential impacts1:
* Patching may introduce new vulnerabilities or errors that compromise the availability, integrity, or confidentiality of the IACS.
* Patching may affect the functionality or performance of the IACS, causing unexpected or undesired behavior, such as process shutdowns, slowdowns, or failures.
* Patching may require downtime or reduced operation of the IACS, which may affect production, quality, or profitability.
* Patching may require additional resources, such as personnel, equipment, or testing facilities, which may not be readily available or affordable.
Therefore, patch management for IACS requires careful planning, testing, and validation before applying patches to the operational environment. The ISA/IEC 62443 standards provide guidance and best practices for patch management in the IACS environment, such as1:
* Establishing a patch management program that defines roles, responsibilities, policies, and procedures
* for patching IACS components and systems.
* Identifying and prioritizing the IACS assets that need patching, based on their criticality, vulnerability, and risk level.
* Evaluating and verifying the patches for compatibility, functionality, and security before applying them to the IACS.
* Implementing and documenting the patching process, including backup, recovery, and rollback procedures, in case of patch failure or adverse effects.
* Monitoring and auditing the patching activities and outcomes, and reporting any issues or incidents.
References: 1: ISA TR62443-2-3 - Security for industrial automation and control systems, Part 2-3: Patch management in the IACS environment
質問 # 35
Which of the following is an element of security policy, organization, and awareness?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Staff training and security awareness
- B. Technical requirement assessment
- C. Penetration testing
- D. Product development requirements
正解：A
解説：
According to the ISA/IEC 62443-2-1 standard, security policy, organization, and awareness is one of the four foundational requirements for an IACS security management system. It defines the "policies, procedures, and organizational structure necessary to support the security program" 1. One of the elements of this requirement is staff training and security awareness, which involves "providing appropriate security education and training to all personnel who have access to or are responsible for IACS components" 1. This element aims to ensure that the staff are aware of the security risks, policies, and procedures, and are able to perform their roles and responsibilities in a secure manner. Staff training and security awareness can include topics such as security principles, threats and vulnerabilities, incident response, password management, physical security, and social engineering 2. References:
* ISA/IEC 62443 Series of Standards - ISA
* Security of Industrial Automation and Control Systems - ISAGCA
質問 # 36
What is a feature of an asymmetric key?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Uses different keys
- B. Uses a continuous stream
- C. Has lower network overhead
- D. Shares the same key OD.
正解：A
解説：
An asymmetric key is a feature of asymmetric cryptography, also known as public-key cryptography, which is a method of encrypting and decrypting data using two different keys: a public key and a private key. The public key can be shared with anyone, while the private key must be kept secret by the owner. The public key and the private key aremathematically related, but it is computationally infeasible to derive one from the other.
Asymmetric cryptography can be used for various purposes, such as digital signatures, key exchange, and encryption. For example, if Alice wants to send a message to Bob, she can use Bob's public key to encrypt the message, and only Bob can decrypt it using his private key. Alternatively, if Bob wants to prove that he is the author of a message, he can use his private key to sign the message, and anyone can verify it using his public key. Asymmetric cryptography has some advantages over symmetric cryptography, which uses the same key for both encryption and decryption. For instance, asymmetric cryptography does not require a secure channel to distribute the keys, and it can provide non-repudiation and authentication. However, asymmetric cryptography also has some drawbacks, such as higher computational complexity, larger key sizes, and higher network overhead.
References:
* ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2018, Section 4.2.3.6.1, Cryptography1
* ISA/IEC 62443-4-2:2019, Section 4.2.3.6.1, Cryptography
* ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Study Guide, Section 5.3.1, Cryptography
* ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Exam Specification, Section 5.3.1,
* Cryptography
質問 # 37
What.are the two elements of the risk analysis category of an IACS?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Business rationale and risk identification and classification
- B. Risk evaluation and risk identification
- C. Business recovery and risk elimination or mitigation
- D. Business rationale and risk reduction and avoidance
正解：A
解説：
The risk analysis category of an IACS consists of two elements: business rationale and risk identification and classification1. Business rationale is the process of defining the scope, objectives, and criteria for the risk analysis, as well as the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders involved. Risk identification and classification is the process of identifying the assets, threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences of a cyberattack on the IACS, and assigning a risk level to each scenario based on the likelihood and impact of the attack1. These elements are essential for establishing a baseline of the current risk posture of the IACS and determining the appropriate risk treatment measures to reduce the risk to an acceptable level. References: 1:
ISA/IEC 62443-3-2:2020, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 3-2: Security risk assessment for system design, International Society of Automation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 2020.
質問 # 38
At Layer 4 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, what identifies the application that will handle a packet inside a host?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. ATCP/UDP registry number
- B. ATCP/UDP port number
- C. ATCP/UDP application ID
- D. A TCP/UDP host ID
正解：B
解説：
At layer 4 of the OSI model, also known as the transport layer, the application that will handle a packet inside a host is identified by a TCP/UDP port number. A port number is a 16-bit integer that is assigned to a specific application or service that runs on a host. Port numbers are used to multiplex and demultiplex the data streams that are exchanged between hosts and end systems. Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple data streams into one, while demultiplexing is the process of separating one data stream into multiple ones. Port numbers are part of the header of the transport layer protocol data unit (PDU), which is called a segment for TCP and a datagram for UDP. The header contains the source port number and the destination port number, which indicate the applications that are involved in the communication. For example, if a host sends a packet to another host using the HTTP protocol, which runs on port 80 by default, the source port number would be a random number chosen by the sender, and the destination port number would be 80. The receiver would then use the destination port number to demultiplex the packet and deliver it to the HTTP application.
Port numbers are divided into three ranges: well-known ports (0-1023), registered ports (1024-49151), and dynamic or private ports (49152-65535). Well-known ports are reserved for common and standardized applications and services, such as HTTP (80), FTP (21), and SSH (22). Registered ports are assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) to specific applications and services that request them, such as Skype (49175) and Minecraft (25565). Dynamic or private ports are not assigned by any authority and can be used by any application or service that needs them, such as ephemeral ports that are used for temporary connections.
The other options are not valid identifiers for the application that will handle a packet inside a host at layer 4 of the OSI model. A TCP/UDP application ID is not a term that is used in the OSI model or the TCP/IP model.
A TCP/UDP host ID is not a term that is used in the OSI model or the TCP/IP model, and it would be more appropriate for layer 3, which is the network layer, where the host is identified by an IP address. A TCP/UDP registry number is not a term that is used in the OSI model or the TCP/IP model, and it would be more appropriate for layer 5, which is the session layer, where the registry number is used to identify a session between two hosts.
References:
* Transport Layer | Layer 4 | The OSI-Model1
* OSI model - Wikipedia2
* What is Layer 4 of the OSI Model? | Glossary | A10 Networks3
* What Are the 7 Layers of the OSI Model? | Webopedia4
質問 # 39
What are the connections between security zones called?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Conduits
- B. Pathways
- C. Firewalls
- D. Tunnels
正解：A
質問 # 40
What are three possible entry points (pathways) that could be used for launching a cyber attack?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. LAN, WAN, and hard drive
- B. LAN, portable media, and hard drives
- C. LAN, power source, and wireless OD.
- D. LAN, portable media, and wireless
正解：D
解説：
A cyber attack is an attempt to compromise the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of a computer system or network by exploiting its vulnerabilities. A cyber attack can be launched from various entry points, which are the pathways that allow an attacker to access a target system or network. According to the ISA/IEC
62443-3-2 standard, which defines a method for conducting a security risk assessment for industrial automation and control systems (IACS), some of the possible entry points for a cyber attack are:
* LAN: A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects devices within a limited geographic area, such as a building or a campus. A LAN can be an entry point for a cyber attack if an attacker gains physical or logical access to the network devices, such as switches, routers, firewalls, or servers. An attacker can use various techniques to access a LAN, such as network scanning, spoofing, sniffing, or hijacking. An attacker can also exploit vulnerabilities in the network protocols, services, or applications that run on the LAN. A cyber attack on a LAN can affect the communication and operation of the devices and systems connected to the network, such as IACS.
* Portable media: Portable media are removable storage devices that can be used to transfer data between different systems or devices, such as USB flash drives, CDs, DVDs, or external hard drives. Portable media can be an entry point for a cyber attack if an attacker uses them to introduce malicious code or data into a target system or device. An attacker can use various techniques to infect portable media, such as autorun, social engineering, or physical tampering. An attacker can also exploit vulnerabilities in the operating systems, drivers, or applications that interact with portable media. A cyber attack using portable media can affect the functionality and security of the systems or devices that use them, such as IACS.
* Wireless: Wireless is a technology that enables communication and data transmission without physical wires or cables, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or cellular networks. Wireless can be an entry point for a cyber attack if an attacker intercepts, modifies, or disrupts the wireless signals or data. An attacker can use various techniques to access wireless networks or devices, such as cracking, jamming, or eavesdropping. An attacker can also exploit vulnerabilities in the wireless protocols, standards, or encryption methods. A cyber attack on wireless can affect the availability and reliability of the wireless communication and data transmission, such as IACS.
Therefore, LAN, portable media, and wireless are three possible entry points that could be used for launching a cyber attack. References:
* Cybersecurity Risk Assessment According to ISA/IEC 62443-3-21
* ISA/IEC 62443 Series of Standards2
質問 # 41
How many security levels are in the ISASecure certification program?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
正解：D
解説：
The ISASecure certification program, aligned with the ISA/IEC 62443 standards, defines three distinct security levels that categorize the robustness of industrial control systems against known cybersecurity threats.
These levels are designed to provide a scalable approach to securing industrial automation and control systems, with each level offering a higher degree of security. The levels are typically identified as SL1 (Security Level 1), SL2 (Security Level 2), and SL3 (Security Level 3), each addressing increasingly stringent security capabilities and resilience against cyber attacks.
質問 # 42
What is the name of the protocol that implements serial Modbus over Ethernet?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. MODBUS/Ethernet
- B. MODBUS/TCP
- C. MODBUS/CIP
- D. MODBUS/Plus
正解：B
解説：
MODBUS/TCP is the name of the protocol that implements serial Modbus over Ethernet. MODBUS/TCP is a variant of the Modbus protocol that uses the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) as the transport layer to encapsulate Modbus messages and send them over Ethernet networks. MODBUS/TCP preserves the Modbus application layer and data model, which means that serial Modbus devices can communicate with MODBUS/TCP devices through a gateway or a converter. MODBUS/TCP is widely used in industrial automation and control systems, as it offers high performance, interoperability, and compatibility with existing Modbus devices. References: ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Study Guide, Section
3.1.21; MODBUS Application Protocol Specification V1.1b3, Section 1.1
質問 # 43
Which of the following attacks relies on a human weakness to succeed?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Denial-of-service
- B. Spoofing
- C. Escalation-of-privileges
- D. Phishing
正解：D
解説：
Phishing is a type of cyberattack that relies on a human weakness to succeed. Phishing is the practice of sending fraudulent emails or other messages that appear to come from a legitimate source, such as a bank, a government agency, or a trusted person, in order to trick the recipient into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords, credit card numbers, or personal details, or into clicking on malicious links or attachments that may install malware or ransomware on their devices. Phishing is a common and effective way of compromising the security of industrial automation and control systems (IACS), as it can bypass technical security measures by exploiting the human factor. Phishing can also be used to gain access to the IACS network, to conduct reconnaissance, to launch further attacks, or to cause damage or disruption to the IACS operations. The ISA/IEC 62443 series of standards recognize phishing as a potential threat vector for IACS and provide guidance and best practices on how to prevent, detect, and respond to phishing attacks. Some of the recommended countermeasures include:
* Educating and training the IACS staff on how to recognize and avoid phishing emails and messages, and how to report any suspicious or malicious activity.
* Implementing and enforcing policies and procedures for email and message security, such as using strong passwords, verifying the sender's identity, and not opening or clicking on unknown or unsolicited links or attachments.
* Applying technical security controls, such as antivirus software, firewalls, spam filters, encryption, and authentication, to protect the IACS devices and network from phishing attacks.
* Monitoring and auditing the IACS network and devices for any signs of phishing attacks, such as
* anomalous or unauthorized traffic, connections, or activities, and taking appropriate actions to contain and mitigate the impact of any incidents. References:
* ISA/IEC 62443-1-1:2009, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 1-1:
Terminology, concepts and models1
* ISA/IEC 62443-2-1:2009, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 2-1: Establishing an industrial automation and control systems security program2
* ISA/IEC 62443-2-4:2015, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 2-4: Security program requirements for IACS service providers3
* ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2013, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 3-3: System security requirements and security levels4
* ISA/IEC 62443-4-2:2019, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 4-2: Technical security requirements for IACS components5
質問 # 44
Which of the following ISA-99 (IEC 62443) Reference Model levels is named correctly?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
- A. Level 1: Supervisory Control
- B. Level 4: Process
- C. Level 2: Quality Control
- D. Level 3: Operations Management
正解：D
解説：
The ISA-99/IEC 62443 standards for industrial automation and control systems security categorize network and system components into different levels based on their operational context. The correct name from the provided options for one of these levels is Level 3: Operations Management. This level typically encompasses systems that manage production control systems, including batch management, production scheduling, and overall factory operations. The other levels listed, such as Supervisory Control and Process, refer to different aspects of the system but are not named correctly in the options provided. Level 1 is correctly referred to as
"Basic Control," and Level 4 should be "Business Logistics" instead of "Process."
質問 # 45
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